\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Spatial Statistical Mapping of Geomorphometry and Drivers of Gully
Erosion of the Sedimentary Basin of South-eastern Nigeria}



\author[1]{Saheed Adekunle Raji}%
\author[2]{Akinlabi Akintuyi}%
\author[2]{Emmanuel Wunude}%
\author[2]{Busayo Fashoto}%
\affil[1]{Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun}%
\affil[2]{University of Lagos}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Abstract The south-eastern Nigeria as other parts of the tropics have
been experiencing diverse levels of soil erosion for decades. An enquiry
of the physical and anthropogenic drivers of soil erosion can provide a
better insight into the proximate and underlying processes of occurrence
of soil erosion. In this study, we employed the basin approach to
investigate the nexus between geomorphometry and the socio-physical
drivers of gully erosion development in the sedimentary Anambra basin.
Multi-sourced remotely sensed and geospatial data were fit to
multinomial regression to simulate probability maps of gully
development. The laws of basin geomorphometry were also tested on
linearity, shape, topographic and dimensionless metrics using digital
surface model (DSM) data. Proximity to existing gully, soil, stream
order, vegetation index, rainfall, flow direction, curvature and slope
were found to be statistically significant to gully development across
all models. The result of the study also showed that Anambra is a
7th-order basin: bifurcating averagely at 1.55; with elongation index,
circularity ratio, relative relief, sinuosity index, drainage density,
and mean peak flow of 3.42, 0.05, 0.21, 0.96, 0.54
km/km\textsuperscript{2} and 2,916 respectively. This suggests a
synergised gully formation process such that the fluvio-dynamics and
surficial factors of the basin contribute to gully development. This
study thus provides decision-support mechanism for basin management such
that the progressive occurrence of sheet erosion can be identified and
managed prior to advancing to a fully blown gully. It also provides
database for environmental engineering-oriented basin management such
that disaster risk can be curtailed while ensuring safe and secured
environment for the populace.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

