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\begin{document}

\title{Modeled and satellite-derived extreme wave height statistics in the
North Atlantic Ocean reaching 20 m}



\author[1]{Takuji Waseda}%
\author[2]{Kaushik Sasmal}%
\author[1]{Tsubasa Kodaira}%
\author[3]{Yuki Kita}%
\author[4]{Rei Miratsu}%
\author[4]{Tingyao Zhu}%
\author[4]{Tsutomu Fukui}%
\affil[1]{University of Tokyo}%
\affil[2]{The University of Tokyo}%
\affil[3]{MS\&AD InterRisk Research \& Consulting, Inc.}%
\affil[4]{Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK)}%


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  \date{May 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Wave statistics of the North Atlantic Ocean, instrumental in designing
merchant ships, were revisited by an in-house high-resolution 25-year
wave hindcast (TodaiWW3-NK). The tail of the exceedance probability of
\$H\_s\$ was extended to 20 m and compared surprisingly well against the
satellite altimeter. Moreover, we have found that the largest storm
event in 25 years with the highest wave over 21 m in January 2014
significantly enhanced the tail of the \$H\_s\$ distribution, which is a
feature that was common among the three wave-hindcasts (ERA5/ECMWF,
IOWAGA/IFREMER, and TodaiWW3-NK). Paradoxically, the satellite altimeter
did not detect the \$H\_s\$ at the peak of this storm. We found that
extreme wave heights from models and satellites of three storms in 2007,
2011, and 2014 may deviate about a few meters among the estimates,
particularly the altimeter having a large uncertainty. In-situ
observations of the extreme wave events are urgently in need.%
\end{abstract}%



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