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\title{Gravity wave drag parameterizations for Earth's atmosphere}



\author[1]{Christopher G Kruse}%
\author[2]{Jadwiga H Richter}%
\author[1]{M. Joan Alexander}%
\author[2]{Julio T Bacmeister}%
\author[3]{Christopher Heale}%
\author[4]{Junhong Wei}%
\affil[1]{NorthWest Research Associates, Boulder, CO, USA}%
\affil[2]{Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA}%
\affil[3]{Department of Physical Sciences, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA}%
\affil[4]{School of Atmospheric Sciences and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs), or buoyancy waves, transport momentum
and energy through Earth's atmosphere. GWs are important at nearly all
levels of the atmosphere, though,~ the momentum they transport is
particularly important in general circulation of the middle and upper
atmosphere. Primary sources of atmospheric GWs are flow over mountains,
moist convection, and imbalances in jet/frontal systems. Secondary GWs
can also be generated as a result of dissipation of a primary GWs.
Gravity waves typically have horizontal wavelengths of 10's to 100's of
kilometers, though, they can have scales of 1's to 1000's of kilometers
as well. Current effective resolutions of climate models, and even
numerical weather prediction models, do not resolve significant portions
of the momentum- and energy-flux-carrying GW spectrum, and so
parameterizations are necessary to represent under- and unresolved GWs
in most current models.~ Here, an overview of GWs generated by
orography, convection, jet/front systems, primary wave breaking, and
secondary wave generation is provided. The basic theory of GW
generation, propagation, and dissipation relevant to parameterization is
presented. Conventionally used GW parameterizations are then reviewed.
Lastly, we describe uncertainties and parameter tuning in current
parameterizations and discuss known processes that are currently
missing.%
\end{abstract}%



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