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\begin{document}

\title{Sub-MeV Electron Precipitation Driven by EMIC Waves through Nonlinear
Fractional Resonances}



\author[1]{Miroslav Hanzelka}%
\author[1]{Wen Li}%
\author[1]{Murong Qin}%
\author[1]{Luisa Capannolo}%
\author[1]{Xiao-Chen Shen}%
\author[2]{Qianli Ma}%
\author[1]{Longzhi Gan}%
\author[3]{Vassilis Angelopoulos}%
\affil[1]{Boston University}%
\affil[2]{Center for Space Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA}%
\affil[3]{University of California Los Angeles}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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Abstract

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the Earth's outer radiation belt
drive rapid electron losses through wave-particle interactions. The
precipitating electron flux can be high in the 100s keV energy range,
well below the typical minimum resonance energy. One of the proposed
explanations relies on nonresonant scattering, which causes pitch-angle
diffusion away from the fundamental cyclotron resonance. Here we propose
the fractional sub-cyclotron resonance, a second-order nonlinear effect
that scatters particles at resonance order \$n = 1/2\$, as an alternate
explanation. Using test-particle simulations, we evaluate the
precipitation ratios of sub-MeV electrons for wave packets with various
shapes, amplitudes, and wave normal angles. We show that the nonlinear
sub-cyclotron scattering produces larger ratios than the nonresonant
scattering when the wave amplitude reaches sufficiently large values.
The ELFIN CubeSats detected several events with precipitation ratio
patterns matching our simulation, demonstrating the importance of
sub-cyclotron resonances during intense precipitation events.

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