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\begin{document}

\title{Microseismic monitoring of laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments
in granitic rocks for different fracture propagation regimes}



\author[1]{Awais Butt}%
\author[1]{Ahmadreza Hedayat}%
\author[2]{Omid Moradian}%
\affil[1]{Colorado School of Mines}%
\affil[2]{ETH Zürich}%


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  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
While hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a widely employed process, the
underlying fracturing processes are not clearly understood. Laboratory
HF experiments with seismic monitoring can help with better
understanding of the relationship between the generated HF network and
the induced microseismicity while taking into account the effect of
different HF parameters (injection fluid type and rate, stress
conditions). In this study, HF experiments were performed on
true-triaxially loaded Barre granite cubes, with real-time microseismic
monitoring, to identify and characterize the stimulation processes
associated with the viscosity and toughness dominated HF propagation
regimes. Water and gear oil were used as the fracturing fluids. Moment
tensor inversion technique was employed to determine the fracture
mechanisms (tensile, shear, or mixed-mode). Viscosity propagation regime
experiments involved higher breakdown pressures and larger injection
fluid volumes relative to toughness propagation regime experiments. The
microseismicity from toughness propagation regime experiments resulted
in slightly larger b-value (2.25 compared to 2), indicating higher
percentage of small magnitude events. The spatio-temporal evolution of
fracture mechanisms indicated very dominant tensile fracturing (82-85\%)
during fracture initiation phase surrounding the injection region. As
the fracture propagated away from the injection borehole, the number of
shear and mixed-mode fracturing events increased. Overall, tensile
fractures were dominant in both propagation regimes (ranging from 52\%
to 58\%), which can be attributed maily to the absence of significant
pre-existing faults/discontinuities in the very low permeability granite
rock.%
\end{abstract}%



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