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Figure Legends
Fig 1. The left image shows a maxillary cheek tooth being repelled under general anaesthesia. The right image shows typical damage to a repulsed tooth, with its apical area extensively fractured that predisposes to retention of dental fragments.
Fig 2 . Radiograph of an apically infected mandibular Triadan 08 in a young horse with a thin metallic probe inserted into a ventral draining tract. Note the extensive bone changes at the caudal and apical aspects of the alveolus (arrows). Exodontia of this tooth has a higher risk of post-extraction problems as this is a rostral mandibular cheek tooth, is apically infected and in a young horse.
Fig 3. These extracted Triadan 10 mandibular cheek teeth are from two mature horses that had bilateral Triadan 10 developmental displacements and long term periodontal disease. Exodontia of these teeth with long curved tapering roots resulted fracture of one caudal (distal) root as shown in the left image and one rostral (mesial) and one caudal (distal) root in the teeth as shown in the right image.
Figure 4. This radiograph of normal rostral mandibular cheek teeth in a young horse has the periodontal space rostral to the Triadan 07 indicated by a yellow arrow. The adjacent lamina dura (bundle bone or cribriform plate) (white arrow) overlies the larger expanse of spongy bone (SB).
Fig 5. The left image shows a non-healing, post-extraction alveolus with thin alveolar sequestrae (arrows) visible in its lumen. A small granuloma-type lesion is present on the top left of image. The right image shows some of the sequestrae that were removed from this alveolus.
Fig 6 . Left: This parasagittal CT image is of a horse with alveolar osteomyelitis and sequestration following exodontia of 408. Note the gross soft tissue swelling overlying the affected alveolus (white arrow), alveolar thickening and remodelling and a large sequestrum of its lateral wall (star). Right: this transverse CT image of this case in a slightly different plane, also shows the overlying soft tissue swelling (white arrow), gross alveolar wall remodelling and an intra-alveolar sequestrum (yellow arrow). The alveolus of (maxillary) Triadan 208 which underwent exodontia the previous year is fully healed.
Figure 7 . The left image shows the mandible in Fig 6 with post-exodontia osteomyelitis, sequestration, overlying soft tissue swelling and widespread alveolar bone changes. The right CT image of this same site was obtained 8 months later when the infection had resolved. It shows a shortened mandible with reformation of its walls and the 408 alveolar lumen filled with osteoid material.
Fig 8 . This transverse CT image taken following exodontia of 206 shows a large oro-nasal fistula filled with food (arrows). There also is almost total loss of the surrounding alveolus and supporting bone that will make repair of this fistula problematic. (Fig courtesy of Dr Eric Parente).
Fig 9. These intra-oral images show a large oro-maxillary (oro-sinus) fistula at the site of a repulsed 109 (arrows). The dental mirror in the right image shows the fistula to be filled with forage. This neglected fistula is expanding in a palatal direction and will be increasingly difficult to treat.
Fig 10. This oral endoscopic image shows a non-healing alveolus that contains no blood clot, has exposed, discoloured porous-appearing bone (yellow arrow) over much of its surface with some forage fibres visible (black arrow). Healthy granulation tissue is only present at the occlusal aspect of the alveolus. Such alveoli need assessment to determine if the exposed bone is loose (i.e., is an alveolar sequestrum) or whether it is affected by “dry socket” as was the case for this alveolus.