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Figure Legends
Fig 1. The left image shows a maxillary cheek tooth being
repelled under general anaesthesia. The right image shows typical damage
to a repulsed tooth, with its apical area extensively fractured that
predisposes to retention of dental fragments.
Fig 2 . Radiograph of an apically infected mandibular Triadan 08
in a young horse with a thin metallic probe inserted into a ventral
draining tract. Note the extensive bone changes at the caudal and apical
aspects of the alveolus (arrows). Exodontia of this tooth has a higher
risk of post-extraction problems as this is a rostral mandibular cheek
tooth, is apically infected and in a young horse.
Fig 3. These extracted Triadan 10 mandibular cheek teeth are
from two mature horses that had bilateral Triadan 10 developmental
displacements and long term periodontal disease. Exodontia of these
teeth with long curved tapering roots resulted fracture of one caudal
(distal) root as shown in the left image and one rostral (mesial) and
one caudal (distal) root in the teeth as shown in the right image.
Figure 4. This radiograph of normal rostral mandibular cheek
teeth in a young horse has the periodontal space rostral to the Triadan
07 indicated by a yellow arrow. The adjacent lamina dura (bundle bone or
cribriform plate) (white arrow) overlies the larger expanse of spongy
bone (SB).
Fig 5. The left image shows a non-healing, post-extraction
alveolus with thin alveolar sequestrae (arrows) visible in its lumen. A
small granuloma-type lesion is present on the top left of image. The
right image shows some of the sequestrae that were removed from this
alveolus.
Fig 6 . Left: This parasagittal CT image is of a horse with
alveolar osteomyelitis and sequestration following exodontia of 408.
Note the gross soft tissue swelling overlying the affected alveolus
(white arrow), alveolar thickening and remodelling and a large
sequestrum of its lateral wall (star). Right: this transverse CT image
of this case in a slightly different plane, also shows the overlying
soft tissue swelling (white arrow), gross alveolar wall remodelling and
an intra-alveolar sequestrum (yellow arrow). The alveolus of (maxillary)
Triadan 208 which underwent exodontia the previous year is fully healed.
Figure 7 . The left image shows the mandible in Fig 6 with
post-exodontia osteomyelitis, sequestration, overlying soft tissue
swelling and widespread alveolar bone changes. The right CT image of
this same site was obtained 8 months later when the infection had
resolved. It shows a shortened mandible with reformation of its walls
and the 408 alveolar lumen filled with osteoid material.
Fig 8 . This transverse CT image taken following exodontia of
206 shows a large oro-nasal fistula filled with food (arrows). There
also is almost total loss of the surrounding alveolus and supporting
bone that will make repair of this fistula problematic. (Fig courtesy of
Dr Eric Parente).
Fig 9. These intra-oral images show a large oro-maxillary
(oro-sinus) fistula at the site of a repulsed 109 (arrows). The dental
mirror in the right image shows the fistula to be filled with forage.
This neglected fistula is expanding in a palatal direction and will be
increasingly difficult to treat.
Fig 10. This oral endoscopic image shows a non-healing alveolus
that contains no blood clot, has exposed, discoloured porous-appearing
bone (yellow arrow) over much of its surface with some forage fibres
visible (black arrow). Healthy granulation tissue is only present at the
occlusal aspect of the alveolus. Such alveoli need assessment to
determine if the exposed bone is loose (i.e., is an alveolar sequestrum)
or whether it is affected by “dry socket” as was the case for this
alveolus.