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\begin{document}

\title{Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe: Results from the 2022--23
VEBIS (Vaccine Effectiveness, Burden and Impact Studies) primary care
multicentre study}



\author[1]{Marine Maurel}%
\author[2]{Francisco Pozo}%
\author[2]{Gloria Pérez-Gimeno}%
\author[3]{Silke Buda}%
\author[4]{Noémie Sève}%
\author[5]{Beatrix Oroszi}%
\author[6]{Mariette Hooiveld}%
\author[7]{Verónica  Gómez}%
\author[8]{Lisa Domegan}%
\author[9]{Iván Martínez-Baz}%
\author[10]{Maja Ilić}%
\author[11]{AnnaSara Carnahan}%
\author[12]{Maria Elena Mihai}%
\author[13]{Ana Martinez}%
\author[3]{Luise Goerlitz}%
\author[14]{Vincent ENOUF}%
\author[5]{Judit Krisztina Horvath}%
\author[15]{Frederika Dijkstra}%
\author[7]{Ana Paula Rodrigues}%
\author[16]{Charlene Bennett}%
\author[17]{Camino Trobajo-Sanmartín}%
\author[10]{Ivan Mlinarić}%
\author[11]{Neus Latorre-Margalef}%
\author[18]{Alina Ivanciuc}%
\author[19]{Aurora Lopez}%
\author[3]{Ralf Dürrwald}%
\author[20]{Alessandra Falchi}%
\author[5]{Gergő Túri}%
\author[15]{Adam Meijer}%
\author[7]{Aryse Melo}%
\author[8]{Joan O'Donnell}%
\author[9]{Jesus Castilla}%
\author[10]{Vesna Višekruna Vučina}%
\author[11]{Tove Samuelsson Hagey}%
\author[21]{Mihaela Lazar}%
\author[22]{Marlena Kaczmarek}%
\author[22]{Sabrina Bacci}%
\author[1]{Esther Kissling}%
\author[1]{VEBIS study team}%
\affil[1]{Epiconcept SAS}%
\affil[2]{Carlos III Health Institute}%
\affil[3]{Robert Koch Institut}%
\affil[4]{iPLESP}%
\affil[5]{Semmelweis University}%
\affil[6]{Netherlands institute of health services research (NIVEL)}%
\affil[7]{Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge}%
\affil[8]{Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre}%
\affil[9]{Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA - CIBERESP}%
\affil[10]{Croatian Institute of Public Health}%
\affil[11]{Public Health Agency of Sweden}%
\affil[12]{"Cantacuzino” National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development}%
\affil[13]{Agencia de Salud Pública de Catalunya}%
\affil[14]{Institut Pasteur}%
\affil[15]{National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)}%
\affil[16]{University College Dublin}%
\affil[17]{Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra}%
\affil[18]{Cantacuzino Military-Medical Research-Development National Institute}%
\affil[19]{Subdirección General de Epidemiologia y Vigilancia de la Salud}%
\affil[20]{Université de Corse-Inserm}%
\affil[21]{"Cantacuzino" National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development}%
\affil[22]{European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Influenza A(H3N2) viruses dominated early in the 2022--23 influenza
season in Europe, followed by higher circulation of influenza
A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses. The VEBIS primary care network estimated the
influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) using a multicentre test-negative
study. Primary care practitioners collected information and specimens
from patients consulting with acute respiratory infection. We measured
VE against any influenza, influenza (sub)type and clade, by age group,
by influenza vaccine target group and by time since vaccination, using
logistic regression. We included 38,058 patients, of which 3,786 were
influenza A(H3N2), 1,548 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 3,275 influenza B
cases. Against influenza A(H3N2), VE was 36\% (95\%CI: 25--45) among all
ages, ranged between 30\% and 52\% by age group and target group. VE
against influenza A(H3N2) clade 2b was 38\% (95\% CI: 25--49). Overall,
VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 46\% (95\%CI: 35--56) and ranged
between 29\% and 59\% by age group and target group. VE against
influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 clade 5a.2a was 56\% (95\% CI: 46--65) and 79\%
(95\% CI: 64--88) against clade 5a.2a.1. VE against influenza B was 76\%
(95\%CI: 70--81), overall; 84\%, 72\% and 71\% among 0--14-year-olds
15--64-year-olds and those in the influenza vaccination target group,
respectively. VE against influenza B with a position 197-mutation of the
hemagglutinin (HA) gene was 79\% (95\% CI: 73--85) and 90\% (95\% CI:
85--94) without this mutation. The 2022--23 end-of-season results from
the VEBIS network at primary care level showed high VE among children
and against influenza B, with lower VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09
and A(H3N2).%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`end-of-season_IVE_manuscript.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/516466/articles/671852-influenza-vaccine-effectiveness-in-europe-results-from-the-2022-23-vebis-vaccine-effectiveness-burden-and-impact-studies-primary-care-multicentre-study}

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