Materials Sensitivity (GF) Detection limit Cycling stability Response time Reference
GNPs/PDMS 0.09% 6000 < 12 ms [36]
Graphene/PVDF/PU 51 0.01% > 6000 < 100 ms [45]
PVDF/Graphene/Au/Ion 389 0.008% 3000 [46]
CNT/PU 0.0075% > 10 000 12.5 ms [29]
CNT/PDMS 87 0.007% 1500 65 ms [47]
CNT/Mxene/TPU 805 000 0.001% > 45 000 5 ms [30]
Microfiber coupler 900 < 0.001% > 10 000 < 0.167 ms This work