Measures of insect diversity
The collected insects included specimens of the following orders:
Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Blattodea, Mecoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera,
Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera and
Psocoptera. we calculated the following indices for Coleoptera (beetles)
and Heteroptera (true bugs) as well as for different feeding guilds,
i.e. phytophageous and non-phytophageous insects (beetles and true bugs
pooled) with the omnivore and zoo-phytophageous species counting into
both camps (see Table S3): 1) The number of occurring species (i.e.
species richness), 2) the Shannon-index (using the vegan R-package;
Oksanen et al. 2022) and 3) the number of individuals (i.e.
abundance). Additionally, we investigated the abundance of all collected
insects. We did not calculate total insect diversity (Shannon-index) and
species richness as not all specimens could be determined to the species
level.
Prior to any analyses we calculated the z-scores for each biodiversity
variable and removed outliers, defined as z ≥ |4|
corresponding to a probability of 0.003%. Outliers have only been
detected in the number of individuals of three species (Acer
campestre , Betula pubescens , Quercus acutissima ).