References
El-Sadr AR, Mina E. Anatomical and surgical aspects in the operative
management of varicocele. Urol Cutaneous Rev. 1950;54(5):257-262.
de Schepper A. “Nutcracker” phenomenon of the renal vein and venous
pathology of the left kidney [in Dutch]. J Belge Radiol.
1972;55(5):507-511.
Kurklinsky AK, Rooke TW. Nutcracker phenomenon and nutcracker syndrome.
Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jun;85(6):552-9. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0586. PMID:
20511485; PMCID: PMC2878259.
Agle CG, Amorim DS, de Almeida LC, Neves CAP. Endovascular treatment of
Nutcracker syndrome: case report. J Vasc Bras. 2019 May 29;18:e20180135.
doi: 10.1590/1677-5449.180135. PMID: 31320881; PMCID: PMC6634940.
Al-Zoubi NA. Nutcracker Syndrome Accompanying With Superior Mesenteric
Artery Syndrome: A Case Report. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2019 Jun
17;12:1179547619855383. doi: 10.1177/1179547619855383. PMID: 31244527;
PMCID: PMC6580713.
Altshuler PC, Garland BT, Jorgensen ME, Gerig NE. Treatment-refractory
vulvodynia from nutcracker syndrome: A case report. Case Rep Womens
Health. 2018 Jun 30;19:e00071. doi: 10.1016/j.crwh.2018.e00071. PMID:
30094199; PMCID: PMC6071376.
Amato ACM, da Silva AEC, Bernal IM, de Oliveira JC, Di Paschoal Almeida
Ribeiro M, Schinzari PS, Dos Santos RV. Combined Nutcracker and
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: A Case Report. EJVES Vasc Forum. 2020 Feb
27;47:12-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvsvf.2020.02.005. PMID: 33078146; PMCID:
PMC7287400.
Aslan A, Barutca H, Kocaaslan C, Orman S, Şahin S. Pulsatile Mass
Sensation with Intense Abdominal Pain; Atypical Presentation of the
Nutcracker Syndrome. Pol J Radiol. 2016 Oct 28;81:507-509. doi:
10.12659/PJR.898166. PMID: 28058069; PMCID: PMC5181552.
Avgerinos ED, Saadeddin Z, Humar R, Salem K, Singh M, Hager E, Makaroun
M, Chaer RA. Outcomes of left renal vein stenting in patients with
nutcracker syndrome. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019
Nov;7(6):853-859. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.06.016. Epub 2019 Aug 27.
PMID: 31471277.
Azhar AB, Zeb NT, Shah S, Khalid A. Nutcracker Syndrome with
Hypertension: A Case Report. Cureus. 2019 May 30;11(5):e4781. doi:
10.7759/cureus.4781. PMID: 31367499; PMCID: PMC6666968.
Banon S, Skaribas I. Serial ganglion impar blocks in a patient with
nutcracker syndrome refractory to left renal vein transposition: a case
report. J Med Case Rep. 2020 Jul 3;14(1):102. doi:
10.1186/s13256-020-02398-6. PMID: 32620128; PMCID: PMC7333409.
Banzić I, Fatić N, Pejkić S, Davidović L, Sladojević M, Končar I. Case
report of gross hematuria in the nutcracker syndrome resolved by
renocaval reimplantation. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2016 Dec;73(12):1178-80.
doi: 10.2298/VSP150401132B. PMID: 29341578.
Belczak SQ, Coelho Neto F, de Araújo WJB, Godoy JMP. Endovascular
treatment of anterior nutcracker syndrome and pelvic varices in a
patient with an anterior and a posterior renal vein. BMJ Case Rep. 2020
Sep 7;13(9):e235284. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235284. PMID: 32900725;
PMCID: PMC7478003.
Chung CY, Lytle ME, Clemente Fuentes RW. A Case of Posterior Nutcracker
Syndrome Revealed in the Aerospace Environment. Aerosp Med Hum Perform.
2021 Jan 1;92(1):54-56. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.5697.2021. PMID: 33357275.
Copetti R, Copetti E. Renal nutcracker syndrome. Acta Med Acad. 2017
May;46(1):63-64. doi: 10.5644/ama2006-124.189. PMID: 28605931.
Daily R, Matteo J, Loper T, Northup M. Nutcracker syndrome: symptoms of
syncope and hypotension improved following endovascular stenting.
Vascular. 2012 Dec;20(6):337-41. doi: 10.1258/vasc.2011.cr0320. Epub
2012 Jun 25. PMID: 22734085.
de Macedo GL, Dos Santos MA, Sarris AB, Gomes RZ. Venous
revascularization to treat posterior nutcracker syndrome by
transposition of the left gonadal vein: case report. J Vasc Bras. 2019
Sep 30;18:e20190037. doi: 10.1590/1677-5449.190037. PMID: 31645862;
PMCID: PMC6788857.
Devcic Z, Rozen TD, Arora M, Caserta MP, Erben YM, Sandhu SS, Huynh T,
Lewis AR, Toskich BB. Daily persistent headache with nutcracker
physiology and spinal epidural venous congestion: Treatment with lumbar
vein embolization. Radiol Case Rep. 2022 Sep 14;17(11):4314-4318. doi:
10.1016/j.radcr.2022.08.049. PMID: 36132058; PMCID: PMC9483575.
Dunphy L, Penna M, Tam E, El-Kafsi J. Left renal vein entrapment
syndrome: nutcracker syndrome! BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Sep 4;12(9):e230877.
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230877. PMID: 31488449; PMCID: PMC6731922.
Elhattabi K, Elbakouri A, Ouchane M, Bouali M, Bensardi F, Fadil A.
Nutcracker syndrome due to aorto-mesenteric compression in adults: Case
report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;77:730-732. doi:
10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.11.088. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PMID: 33395884; PMCID:
PMC7718136.
Farina R, Iannace FA, Foti PV, Conti A, Inì C, Libra F, Fanzone L,
Coronella ME, Santonocito S, Basile A. A Case of Nutcracker Syndrome
Combined with Wilkie Syndrome with Unusual Clinical Presentation. Am J
Case Rep. 2020 Apr 22;21:e922715. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.922715. PMID:
32317620; PMCID: PMC7193224.
Genov PP, Kirilov IV, Hristova IA, Kolev NH, Dunev VR, Stoykov BA.
Management and diagnosis of Nutcracker syndrome-a case report. Urol Case
Rep. 2019 Dec 14;29:101103. doi: 10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101103. PMID:
31890604; PMCID: PMC6928316.
Greenspan J, Szczerepa D, Trocha K, Rao A, Fluss G, Finlay D. A Novel
Approach for the Treatment of Nutcracker Syndrome: A Case Report. Ann
Vasc Surg. 2022 Feb;79:441.e1-441.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.07.046.
Epub 2021 Oct 13. PMID: 34655750.
Hansraj N, Hamdi A, Khalifeh A, Wise E, Sarkar R, Toursavadkohi S.
Nutcracker Syndrome: Case Report on the Management of Recurrent Stenosis
After Stenting. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2017 May;51(4):203-208. doi:
10.1177/1538574417700012. Epub 2017 Mar 23. PMID: 28424043.
Diab S, Hayek F. Combined Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome and
Nutcracker Syndrome in a Young Patient: A Case Report and Review of the
Literature. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Aug 9;21:e922619. doi:
10.12659/AJCR.922619. PMID: 32772039; PMCID: PMC7440741.
Heidbreder R. Co-occurring superior mesenteric artery syndrome and
nutcracker syndrome requiring Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy and left
renal vein transposition: a case report and review of the literature. J
Med Case Rep. 2018 Aug 6;12(1):214. doi: 10.1186/s13256-018-1743-7.
PMID: 30081961; PMCID: PMC6091179.
Hori K, Yamamoto S, Kosukegawa M, Yamashita N, Shinno Y. Nutcracker
syndrome as the main cause of left renal vein thrombus and pulmonary
thromboembolism. IJU Case Rep. 2021 Sep 20;5(1):24-27. doi:
10.1002/iju5.12375. PMID: 35005464; PMCID: PMC8720732.
Inal M, Unal Daphan B, Karadeniz Bilgili MY. Superior mesenteric artery
syndrome accompanying with nutcracker syndrome: a case report. Iran Red
Crescent Med J. 2014 Oct 5;16(10):e14755. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.14755.
PMID: 25763192; PMCID: PMC4329746.
Karami M, Kouhi H, Sadatmadani SF, Sadeghi B, Rostamiyan N, Hashemzadeh
M. Splenic vein enlargement, a rare cause of nutcracker syndrome. Clin
Case Rep. 2021 Apr 9;9(5):e03833. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.3833. PMID:
34084474; PMCID: PMC8142411.
Miler R, Shang EK, Park WM. Gonadal Vein Transposition in Nutcracker
Syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;46:205.e13-205.e16. doi:
10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.153. Epub 2017 Jul 6. PMID: 28689938.
Muheilan M, Walsh A, O’Brien F, Tuite D. Nutcracker syndrome,
conservative approach: a case report. J Surg Case Rep. 2022 Oct
23;2022(10):rjac423. doi: 10.1093/jscr/rjac423. PMID: 36299914; PMCID:
PMC9592149.
Nakashima T, Sahashi Y, Kanamori H, Ohno Y, Okura H. Localized solitary
left renal vein thrombus complicating nutcracker syndrome: a case report
and review of the literature. CEN Case Rep. 2020 Aug;9(3):252-256. doi:
10.1007/s13730-020-00467-9. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PMID: 32246272; PMCID:
PMC7320084.
Oh MJ. Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome Combined with Renal
Nutcracker Syndrome in a Young Male: A Case Report. Korean J
Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec 25;70(6):312. doi: 10.4166/kjg.2017.70.6.312.
Erratum for: Korean J Gastroenterol. 2017 Nov 25;70(5):253-260. PMID:
29277094.
Patel B, Samuel S. Nutcracker Syndrome-An Unusual Case of Chronic Left
Upper Abdominal Pain: A Case Report. A A Pract. 2019 Feb 1;12(3):69-72.
doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000000848. PMID: 30020110.
Quevedo HC, Arain SA, Abi Rafeh N. Systematic review of endovascular
therapy for nutcracker syndrome and case presentation. Cardiovasc Revasc
Med. 2014 Jul-Aug;15(5):305-7. doi: 10.1016/j.carrev.2014.04.008. Epub
2014 Apr 26. PMID: 24907226.
Shi Y, Shi G, Li Z, Chen Y, Tang S, Huang W. Superior mesenteric artery
syndrome coexists with Nutcracker syndrome in a female: a case report.
BMC Gastroenterol. 2019 Jan 23;19(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s12876-019-0932-1.
PMID: 30674275; PMCID: PMC6343343.
Siddiqui WJ, Bakar A, Aslam M, Arif H, Bianco BA, Trebelev AE,
Kelepouris E, Aggarwal S. Left Renal Vein Compression Syndrome: Cracking
the Nut of Clinical Dilemmas - Three Cases and Review of Literature. Am
J Case Rep. 2017 Jul 6;18:754-759. doi: 10.12659/ajcr.905324. PMID:
28680033; PMCID: PMC5511006.
Steinberg RL, Johnson BA, Garbens A, Cadeddu JA. Robotic assisted
extravascular stent placement for nutcracker phenomenon of the left
renal vein: a case series. J Robot Surg. 2020 Oct;14(5):781-788. doi:
10.1007/s11701-020-01054-x. Epub 2020 Feb 14. PMID: 32060696.
Taneja M, Chua BSY, Daga K. Renal nutcracker syndrome in a young lady:
unusual findings and endovascular management. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Feb
16;2018:bcr2017222880. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222880. PMID: 29453214;
PMCID: PMC5836644.
Viriyaroj V, Akranurakkul P, Muyphuag B, Kitporntheranunt M.
Laparoscopic transperitoneal gonadal vein ligation for treatment of
pelvic congestion secondary to Nutcracker syndrome: a case report. J Med
Assoc Thai. 2012 Dec;95 Suppl 12:S142-5. PMID: 23513481.
Wang RF, Zhou CZ, Fu YQ, Lv WF. Nutcracker syndrome accompanied by
hypertension: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res. 2021
Jan;49(1):300060520985733. doi: 10.1177/0300060520985733. PMID:
33478297; PMCID: PMC7841863.
Yamamoto A, Kamoi S, Suzuki S. Spontaneous rupture of the ovarian vein
in association with nutcracker syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep.
2021 Dec 18;15(1):602. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03192-8. PMID: 34920758;
PMCID: PMC8684169.
Yu S, Hu H, Ding G. Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Left Renal Vein
Transposition for the Treatment of Nutcracker Syndrome: A Preliminary
Experience. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019 May;57:69-74. doi:
10.1016/j.avsg.2018.09.039. Epub 2019 Jan 24. PMID: 30684632.
Stubberud A, Cheema S, Tronvik E, Matharu M. Nutcracker syndrome
mimicking new daily persistent headache: A case report. Cephalalgia.
2020 Aug;40(9):1008-1011. doi: 10.1177/0333102420918554. Epub 2020 Apr
15. PMID: 32295399; PMCID: PMC7691626.
Bin Dahman HA, Aljabry AO. A case report of a young girl with recurrent
hematuria: a missed diagnosis - renal nutcracker syndrome. BMC Nephrol.
2019 Sep 5;20(1):349. doi: 10.1186/s12882-019-1508-6. PMID: 31488074;
PMCID: PMC6727525.
Kim SH. Doppler US and CT Diagnosis of Nutcracker Syndrome. Korean J
Radiol. 2019 Dec;20(12):1627-1637. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0084. PMID:
31854150; PMCID: PMC6923211.