References
- Ingrid
Nygaard, Matthew
D Barber,
Kathryn
L Burgio,
Kimberly
Kenton,
Susan
Meikle, Joseph
Schaffer, et al. Prevalence of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in
US women. JAMA 2008; 300:1311–6.
- MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson DH. The prevalence of
pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity
and mode of delivery. BJOG 2000; 107: 1460–70.
- Maria
Gyhagen, Sigvard
Åkervall, Ian
Milsom. Clustering of pelvic floor disorders 20 years after one
vaginal or one cesarean birth. Int Urogynecol J 2015;26(8):1115-21.
- Stefania
Palmieri , Sarah
Sonia De
Bastiani , Rebecca
Degliuomini , Alessandro
Ferdinando
Ruffolo , Arianna
Casiraghi , Patrizia Vergani, et al. Prevalence and severity of
pelvic floor disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Int J Gynecol
Obstet 2021; 15: 1–6.
- Brækken IH, Stuge B, Tveter AT, Bø K.
Reliability, validity
and responsiveness of pelvic floor muscle surface electromyography and
manometry. Int Urogynecol J 2021; 32:3267-74.
- Koenig I, Luginbuehl H, Radlinger L. Reliability of pelvic floor
muscle electromyography tested on healthy women and women with pelvic
floor muscle dysfunction. Annals Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 60:382–6.
- Yang X, Zhu L, Li W, Sun X, Huang Q, Tong B, Xie Z.
Comparisons of
Electromyography and Digital Palpation Measurement of Pelvic Floor
Muscle Strength in Postpartum Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence
and Asymptomatic Parturients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Gynecol Obstet
Invest 2019; 84:599-605.
- Hongliang Y, Pengfei L, Cuiping J, Jieqian H, Ling P, Yumin S.
Pelvic floor function
and morphological abnormalities in primiparas with postpartum
symptomatic stress urinary incontinence based on the type of delivery:
a 1:1 matched case-control study. Int Urogynecol J 2022; 33:245-51.
- Risk factors for
pelvic floor dysfunction: Pelvic floor dysfunction: prevention and
non-surgical management: Evidence review B. National Guideline
Alliance (UK). London: National Institute for Health and Care
Excellence (NICE); 2021 Dec.
- I Volløyhaug, S Mørkved, Ø Salvesen, Kå Salvesen. Pelvic organ
prolapse and incontinence 15–23 years after first delivery: a
cross-sectional study. BJOG 2015; 122:964-71.
- M
Gyhagen , M
Bullarbo, T
F
Nielsen, I
Milsom. A comparison of the longterm consequences of vaginal delivery
versus caesarean section on the prevalence, severity and
bothersomeness of urinary incontinence subtypes: a national cohort
study in primiparous women. BJOG 2013;120: 1548-55.
- Lukacz ES, Lawrence JM, Contreras R, Nager CW, Luber KM. Parity, mode
of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders. Obstet Gynecol 2006;
107:1253e60.
- Blomquist JL, Carroll M, Muñoz A, Handa VL.
Pelvic floor muscle
strength and the incidence of pelvic floor disorders after vaginal and
cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 222:62. e1-e8.
- Xiao-Jing Yang, Yun Sun. Comparison of caesarean section and vaginal
delivery for pelvic floor function of parturients: a meta-analysis.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 235:42-8.
- Laura
Cattani , Liesbeth
Neefs , Jan
Y
Verbakel , Jan
Bosteels , Jan
Deprest. Obstetric risk factors for anorectal dysfunction after
delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J
2021;32: 2325-36.
- Afshari P, Dabagh F, Iravani M, Abedi P. Comparison of pelvic floor
muscle strength in nulliparous women and those with normal vaginal
delivery and cesarean section. Int Urogynecol J 2017; 28:1171–5.
- Kai-Min
Guo,
Lang-Chi
He,
Yan
Feng,
Liu
Huang,
Abraham
Nick Morse,
Hui-Shu
Liu. Surface electromyography of the pelvic floor at 6-8 weeks
following delivery: a comparison of different modes of delivery. Int
Urogynecol J 2022; 33: 1511-20.
- David
Baud, Joanna
Sichitiu, Valeria
Lombardi, Maud
De
Rham, Sylvain
Meyer, Yvan
Vial,et al. Comparison of pelvic floor dysfunction 6 years after
uncomplicated vaginal versus elective cesarean deliveries: a
cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21509.
- Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, Abramov Y, Almeida FG, Berghmans B, et
al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International
Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the
conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor
dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J 2017; 28: 191–213.
- Blomquist JL, Muñoz A, Carroll M, Handa VL.
Association of
Delivery Mode with Pelvic Floor Disorders After Childbirth. JAMA
2018;320: 2438-47.
- 37. Meyer S, Hohlfeld P, Achtari C, Russolo A, De Grandi P. Birth
trauma: short and long term effects of forceps delivery compared with
spontaneous delivery on various pelvic floor parameters. BJOG 2000;
107:1360–5.
- 36. Handa VL, Blomquist JL, Roem J, Munoz A, Dietz HP. Levator
morphology and strength after obstetric avulsion of the levator ani
muscle. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2020; 26: 56–60.
- Heit M, Mudd K, Culligan P. Prevention of childbirth injuries to the
pelvic floor. Curr Womens Health Rep 2001; 1: 72–80.
- Sartore A, De Seta F, Maso G,Pregazzi R, Grimaldi E, Guaschino S. The
effects of mediolateral episiotomy on pelvic floor function after
vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:669-73.
- Macleod M,Goyder K,Howarth L,Bahl R,Strachan B,Murphy DJ. Morbidity
experienced by women before and after operative vaginal delivery:
prospective cohort study nested within a two-center randomized
controlled trial of restrictive versus routine use of episiotomy. BJOG
2013; 120: 1020–6.
- Katherine
Hartmann, Meera
Viswanathan, Rachel
Palmieri, Gerald
Gartlehner, John
Thorp
Jr, Kathleen
N Lohr. Outcomes of routine episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA
2005; 293: 2141–8.
Table 1 Comparison of basic
characteristics between the cesarean section delivery group and the
vaginal delivery group