Statistical analysis
Categorical variables are expressed in frequency and proportion. Continuous variables that conformed to the positive distribution are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) values, while continuous variables that did not conform to the positive distribution are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) values. The Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the categorical variables, when appropriate. The Mann–Whitney U test or independent-samples t test was used to assess the continuous variables, when appropriate. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the discriminative ability. The AUC varied from 0.5 to 1.0, with 0.5 representing a random chance and 1.0 representing a perfect fit. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 26.0.0.2 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and R version 4.2.1 (http://www.R-project.org; The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). P< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.