IUCN Description
Land & water protection Area, resource or habitat protection.
Land & water management Area management and the control of invasive or otherwise problematic species, and the restoration of habitats and natural processes.
Species management Not only the management of species but also their recovery, re-introduction, and their ex-situ conservation.
Education & awareness Professional and public education, encompassing formal education and training of, and scientific communications to, the general public, and the public’s awareness of conservation matters.
Law & policy A broad topic that, in this review, will encompass legislation, policies, regulations, private sector standards, codes, compliance and enforcement, with some frequent overlap with other categories (a study on animal trafficking will frequently be a matter of Law & Policy and Biological resource use).
Livelihood economic & other incentives All linked enterprises, livelihood and product alternatives, conservation payments and determination of non-monetary values, and other forms of control of market and economic forces.