Conclusions
In conclusion, we believe that tofacitinib combined with IGU can simultaneously relieve RA and RA-UIP, and thus realize ”dual treat-to-target”. In addition, as most DMARDs are usually ineffective for RA-UIP, the combined strategy could be used in most cases, especially where DMARDs are not sufficiently effective or poorly tolerated. Prospective studies with a larger cohort must be accumulated in the future to clarify whether this finding applies to other cases and how to explain these anti-fibrosis effects exerted by the combined therapy.