Figure 2 Changes in (a) pest abundance, (b) crop damage, (c) yield, and (d) natural enemy abundance when biocontrol interventions are implemented compared to untreated crops (untreated/monocropping). The values are expressed in percentage with 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals categorised as Botanical Pesticides (BP), Field margins (FM), Intercropping (Int), Push-Pull (PP). Results that cross zero indicate no significant difference between control and treatment groups, n = number of effect sizes.