1.1.2.2. Exosomal lncRNAs and metabolic programming
Metabolic activity in cancer cells is different from healthy cells [88]. In hypoxia conditions, healthy cells begin to perform aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), while cancer cells are highly dependent on it [95]. The cancer cells which are proliferated continuously require rapid production of ATP [88]. Furthermore, the rapid production of ATP leads to the synthesis of many glycolytic intermediates which go to subsidiary pathways and supply energy for proliferating cancer cells [96]. In the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, several signaling pathways play a role, including:
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK),
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and Ras [97]. Because lncRNAs can regulate these signaling pathways, lncRNAs can affect the metabolism of cancer cells [88].