Table 4: Systolic and diastolic Strain and Strain Rate
Healthy Controls Antihypertensive Drugs Hypertensives Systolic BP 140–159 mmHg Hypertensive Systolic BP ≥ 160 mmHg
Adjusted Mean (CI) Adjusted Mean (CI) Adjusted Mean (CI) Adjusted Mean (CI) p-value
Groupn 852 206 501 148
ES LS epi(%) -18.2 (-18.0/-18.4) -18.1 (-17.7/-18.4) -17.8 (-17.6/-18.0) -17.3 (-16.9/-17.6)*†‡ <0.001
ES LS myo(%) -20.5 (-20.3/-20.7) -20.5 (-20.1/-20.8) -20.0 (-19.8/-20.3)* -19.5 (-19.1/-20.0)*†‡ <0.001
ES LS endo(%) -23.7 (-23.4/-23.9) -23.7 (-23.3/-24.2) -23.2 (-22.9/-23.5) -22.8 (-22.3/-23.3)*† 0.006
Global SR S (1/s) -1.00 (-1.19/-1.25) -0.99 (-1.19/-1.25) 0.98 (-1.18/-1.22)* -0.93 (-1.12/-1.18)*†‡ <0.001
Global SR E (1/s) 1.27 (1.25/1.30) 1.24 (1.20/1.29) 1.17 (1.14–1.20)*† 1.10 (1.05–1.15)*†‡ <0.001
Global SR A (1/s) 0.90 (0.89/0.91) 0.90 (0.87/0.93) 0.91 (0.81/0.93) 0.89 (0.86/0.92) 0.433
PSS (-1 to -3% mbn) percentage of segments (%) 16 (13/19) 14 (8.5/19) 18 (15/22) 16 (9.6/22) 0.442
PSS (-3 to -5%) percentage of segments (%) 1.3 (0.4/2.2) 1.0 (-0.8/2.7) 2.1 (-0.1/3.3) 1.2 (-0.9/3.2) 0.618
Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C Means derived from multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index, heart rate, atrial fibrillation and Russian/Norwegian population. CI: Confidence interval SR: strain rate; epi: epicardial; myo: myocardial; endo: endocardial; ES: end-systolic; LS: longitudinal strain; SR S: strain rate at peak systole; SR E: strain rate in early diastole; SR A: strain rate in atrial contraction; PSS: post-systolic stretching/ Pairwise comparisons with adjustment for multiple comparisons: * p<0.05 for difference towards group A † p<0.05 for difference towards group B ‡ p<0.05 for difference towards group C