Video Legends:
Transthoracic echocardiography bubble study demonstrating the presence of saline contrast (bubbles) in the left ventricle, diagnostic of a right-to-left intracardiac shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO).
Midesophageal (ME) bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler indicating a gap between the septum primum and secundum.
ME bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler showing Noblestitch guidewires through the PFO to access the left atrium (LA).
ME bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler demonstrating guidewires into the superior vena cava (SVC) and LA to grasp the septum secundum.
3D view of the wire crossing the PFO.
ME bicaval view showing the Noblestitch catheter across the PFO into the LA, grasping the septum primum.
ME bicaval views showing the KwiKnot application, joining the septum primum and secundum together.
ME bicaval view showing the V-sign: a V-shaped indent on the septum primum, which reflects tension due to the Noblestitch KwiKnot.
ME bicaval view 2D and 3D views showing the post-procedural bubble studies with absence of bubbles in the LA, indicating a successful closure.