Video Legends:
Transthoracic echocardiography bubble study demonstrating the presence
of saline contrast (bubbles) in the left ventricle, diagnostic of a
right-to-left intracardiac shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO).
Midesophageal (ME) bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler
indicating a gap between the septum primum and secundum.
ME bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler showing Noblestitch
guidewires through the PFO to access the left atrium (LA).
ME bicaval view with and without color flow Doppler demonstrating
guidewires into the superior vena cava (SVC) and LA to grasp the septum
secundum.
3D view of the wire crossing the PFO.
ME bicaval view showing the Noblestitch catheter across the PFO into the
LA, grasping the septum primum.
ME bicaval views showing the KwiKnot application, joining the septum
primum and secundum together.
ME bicaval view showing the V-sign: a V-shaped indent on the septum
primum, which reflects tension due to the Noblestitch KwiKnot.
ME bicaval view 2D and 3D views showing the post-procedural bubble
studies with absence of bubbles in the LA, indicating a successful
closure.