Platelet Purinergic receptors in CNS:
There are numerous types of purinergic receptors that constitute the so called purinergic system. They include the those in platelets that are P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1. They are in the initial stage of research. Some preclinical studies have shown effects in the early stages which are promising to carry them forward. P2Y12 receptors levels are associated with Multiple sclerosis. They were found to be lower in patients with MS near the demyelination areas [8]. This shows that there is some association between multiple sclerosis and its progression, but the nature or type of association has to be established and explained. Another study that involved Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis mouse models showed that the P2Y12 knockout mice developed severe EAE when compared to others [9]. This was proposed to be due to higher IL-23 release. Another reason given was due to imbalance between cytokines and Th cells (T-helper cells). These are the roles until now discovered for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Their role in neurodegenerative diseases is also well studied in preclinical models. The studies done for Parkinson’s disease shows that P2X1 receptor is involved. Antagonism of this receptor leads to reduced α-synuclein in the brain of tested mouse models [10]. This effect was brought about in a dose dependent manner mediated by ATP inhibition. Other than these preclinical studies the purinergic receptors of other subtypes that is those that are non-platelet purinergic receptors have immense roles that have been studied in CNS disorders and these might influence the existing therapeutics in future including rare and fatal diseases. But the practicality of these can be established with only sustained research in future.
Figure 1:
A)Chronic inflammation B) Acute inflammation