Capital letters indicate differences between species. Lowercase letters indicate the difference between different treatments. The increase in root lengths was M. sativa >L. perenne > D. glomerata, which was similar to the bud length. The root lengths of the three herbage species almost increased first and then decreased with the increase in pH value at the same CaCl2 concentration. When the pH was 6.61 or 7.03, the root lengths of D. glomerata and L. perenne reached their maximum, and the root length of M. sativa reached its maximum when the pH was 5.35 or 6.61. In contrast, the root lengths ofD. glomerata and M. sativa increased first and then decreased, while the root length of L. perenne decreased as the concentration of CaCl2 increased. L. perenne had the longest roots in the absence of calcium, while those of D. glomerata were the longest when the CaCl2 concentration was 150 mmol/L and 0 mmol/L. M. sativa had the longest roots when the CaCl2 concentration was 50 mmol/L or 100 mmol/L.D. glomerata, L. perenne, and M. sativa had the longest roots of 6.72, 5.46, and 6.95 cm when the concentration of CaCl2 was 150 mmol/L, 0 mmol/L, and 100 mmol/L, respectively, and the pH values were 7.03, 7.03, and 6.61, respectively (Table 4).Table 5. Results (F-values) of an ANOVA with pH and CaCl2, and their interactions on bud lengths and root lengths in D. glomerata, L. perenne, and M. sativa