2.2.3 Endogenous molecules
A recent study by Shi et al . showed that targeting of midkine alleviated cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting autophagy indicating that midkine may be a novel target for treating cardiac hypertrophy [68]. Another report showed that 9-PAHSA, a recently discovered endogenous lipid, can alleviate cardiac hypertrophy by improving autophagy through down-regulating Akt/mTOR and activating PI3K/BECN1 complex [69].