References
Akiyoshi, D. E., Denaro, M., Zhu, H., Greenstein, J. L., Banerjee, P., & Fishman, J. A. (1998). Identification of a full-length cDNA for an endogenous retrovirus of miniature swine. J Virol, 72 (5), 4503-4507. doi:10.1128/jvi.72.5.4503-4507.1998
Armstrong, J. A., Porterfield, J. S., & De Madrid, A. T. (1971). C-type virus particles in pig kidney cell lines. J Gen Virol, 10 (2), 195-198. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-10-2-195
Barbalat, R., Ewald, S. E., Mouchess, M. L., & Barton, G. M. (2011). Nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system. Annu Rev Immunol, 29 , 185-214. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101340
Blusch, J. H., Seelmeir, S., & von der Helm, K. (2002). Molecular and enzymatic characterization of the porcine endogenous retrovirus protease. J Virol, 76 (15), 7913-7917. doi:10.1128/jvi.76.15.7913-7917.2002
Bobkova, M., Stitz, J., Engelstädter, M., Cichutek, K., & Buchholz, C. J. (2002). Identification of R-peptides in envelope proteins of C-type retroviruses. J Gen Virol, 83 (Pt 9), 2241-2246. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-9-2241
Breese, S. S., Jr. (1970). Virus-like particles occurring in cultures of stable pig kidney cell lines. Brief report. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 30 (4), 401-404. doi:10.1007/bf01258369
Chiappinelli, K. B., Zahnow, C. A., Ahuja, N., & Baylin, S. B. (2016). Combining Epigenetic and Immunotherapy to Combat Cancer. Cancer Res, 76 (7), 1683-1689. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.Can-15-2125
Cianciolo, G. J., Copeland, T. D., Oroszlan, S., & Snyderman, R. (1985). Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins. Science, 230 (4724), 453-455. doi:10.1126/science.2996136
Denner, J. (2008). Recombinant porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV-A/C): a new risk for xenotransplantation? Arch Virol, 153 (8), 1421-1426. doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0141-7
Denner, J. (2014). The transmembrane proteins contribute to immunodeficiencies induced by HIV-1 and other retroviruses. Aids, 28 (8), 1081-1090. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000195
Denner, J. (2016). How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)? Viruses, 8 (8), 215. doi:10.3390/v8080215
Denner, J. (2021). The origin of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). Arch Virol (4), 1007-1013. doi:10.1007/s00705-020-04925-8
Denner, J., Specke, V., Thiesen, U., Karlas, A., & Kurth, R. (2003). Genetic alterations of the long terminal repeat of an ecotropic porcine endogenous retrovirus during passage in human cells. Virology, 314 (1), 125-133. doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00428-8
Denner, J., & Tönjes, R. R. (2012). Infection barriers to successful xenotransplantation focusing on porcine endogenous retroviruses.Clin Microbiol Rev, 25 (2), 318-343. doi:10.1128/cmr.05011-11
Dieckhoff, B., Puhlmann, J., Büscher, K., Hafner-Marx, A., Herbach, N., Bannert, N., . . . Denner, J. (2007). Expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in melanomas of Munich miniature swine (MMS) Troll.Vet Microbiol, 123 (1-3), 53-68. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.02.024
Dinsmore, J. H., Manhart, C., Raineri, R., Jacoby, D. B., & Moore, A. (2000). No evidence for infection of human cells with porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) after exposure to porcine fetal neuronal cells.Transplantation, 70 (9), 1382-1389. doi:10.1097/00007890-200011150-00020
Fiebig, U., Fischer, K., Bähr, A., Runge, C., Schnieke, A., Wolf, E., & Denner, J. (2018). Porcine endogenous retroviruses: Quantification of the copy number in cell lines, pig breeds, and organs.Xenotransplantation, 25 (4), e12445. doi:10.1111/xen.12445
Garcia-Montojo, M., Doucet-O’Hare, T., Henderson, L., & Nath, A. (2018). Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HML-2): a comprehensive review.Crit Rev Microbiol, 44 (6), 715-738. doi:10.1080/1040841x.2018.1501345
Godehardt, A. W., Fischer, N., Rauch, P., Gulich, B., Boller, K., Church, G. M., & Tönjes, R. R. (2020). Characterization of porcine endogenous retrovirus particles released by the CRISPR/Cas9 inactivated cell line PK15 clone 15. Xenotransplantation, 27 (2), e12563. doi:10.1111/xen.12563
Groh, S., & Schotta, G. (2017). Silencing of endogenous retroviruses by heterochromatin. Cell Mol Life Sci, 74 (11), 2055-2065. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2454-8
Güell, M., Niu, D., Kan, Y., George, H., Wang, T., Lee, I. H., . . . Yang, L. (2017). PERV inactivation is necessary to guarantee absence of pig-to-patient PERVs transmission in xenotransplantation.Xenotransplantation, 24 (6), e12366. doi:10.1111/xen.12366
Jern, P., Sperber, G. O., & Blomberg, J. (2005). Use of endogenous retroviral sequences (ERVs) and structural markers for retroviral phylogenetic inference and taxonomy. Retrovirology, 2 , 50. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-50
Johnson, W. E. (2019). Origins and evolutionary consequences of ancient endogenous retroviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol, 17 (6), 355-370. doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0189-2
Jung, Y. D., Ha, H. S., Park, S. J., Oh, K. B., Im, G. S., Kim, T. H., . . . Kim, H. S. (2013). Identification and promoter analysis of PERV LTR subtypes in NIH-miniature pig. Mol Cells, 35 (2), 99-105. doi:10.1007/s10059-013-2289-6
Kimsa, M. C., Strzałka-Mrozik, B., Kimsa, M. W., Kruszniewska-Rajs, C., Gola, J., Adamska, J., . . . Mazurek, U. (2013). Porcine endogenous retrovirus infection changes the expression of inflammation-related genes in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human dermal fibroblasts.Ann Transplant, 18 , 576-586. doi:10.12659/aot.889310
Lawrence, M., Daujat, S., & Schneider, R. (2016). Lateral Thinking: How Histone Modifications Regulate Gene Expression. Trends Genet, 32 (1), 42-56. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.007
Le Tissier, P., Stoye, J. P., Takeuchi, Y., Patience, C., & Weiss, R. A. (1997). Two sets of human-tropic pig retrovirus. Nature, 389 (6652), 681-682. doi:10.1038/39489
Li, W., Lee, M. H., Henderson, L., Tyagi, R., Bachani, M., Steiner, J., . . . Nath, A. (2015). Human endogenous retrovirus-K contributes to motor neuron disease. Sci Transl Med, 7 (307), 307ra153. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8201
Lima-Junior, D. S., Krishnamurthy, S. R., Bouladoux, N., Collins, N., Han, S. J., Chen, E. Y., . . . Belkaid, Y. (2021). Endogenous retroviruses promote homeostatic and inflammatory responses to the microbiota. Cell, 184 (14), 3794-3811.e3719. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.020
Łopata, K., Wojdas, E., Nowak, R., Łopata, P., & Mazurek, U. (2018). Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) - Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol, 9 , 730. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730
Maksakova, I. A., Mager, D. L., & Reiss, D. (2008). Keeping active endogenous retroviral-like elements in check: the epigenetic perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci, 65 (21), 3329-3347. doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8494-3
Matousková, M., Vesely, P., Daniel, P., Mattiuzzo, G., Hector, R. D., Scobie, L., . . . Hejnar, J. (2013). Role of DNA methylation in expression and transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses. J Virol, 87 (22), 12110-12120. doi:10.1128/jvi.03262-12
Matsumoto, S., Abalovich, A., Wechsler, C., Wynyard, S., & Elliott, R. B. (2016). Clinical Benefit of Islet Xenotransplantation for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. EBioMedicine, 12 , 255-262. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.034
Mohiuddin, M. M., Singh, A. K., Corcoran, P. C., Thomas Iii, M. L., Clark, T., Lewis, B. G., . . . Horvath, K. A. (2016). Chimeric 2C10R4 anti-CD40 antibody therapy is critical for long-term survival of GTKO.hCD46.hTBM pig-to-primate cardiac xenograft. Nat Commun, 7 , 11138. doi:10.1038/ncomms11138
Morozov, V. A., Dao Thi, V. L., & Denner, J. (2013). The transmembrane protein of the human endogenous retrovirus–K (HERV-K) modulates cytokine release and gene expression. PLoS One, 8 (8), e70399. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070399
Niu, D., Ma, X., Yuan, T., Niu, Y., Xu, Y., Sun, Z., . . . Church, G. M. (2021). Porcine genome engineering for xenotransplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 168 , 229-245. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.001
Niu, D., Wei, H. J., Lin, L., George, H., Wang, T., Lee, I. H., . . . Yang, L. (2017). Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9. Science, 357 (6357), 1303-1307. doi:10.1126/science.aan4187
Patience, C., Switzer, W. M., Takeuchi, Y., Griffiths, D. J., Goward, M. E., Heneine, W., . . . Weiss, R. A. (2001). Multiple groups of novel retroviral genomes in pigs and related species. J Virol, 75 (6), 2771-2775. doi:10.1128/jvi.75.6.2771-2775.2001
Patience, C., Takeuchi, Y., & Weiss, R. A. (1997). Infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs. Nat Med, 3 (3), 282-286. doi:10.1038/nm0397-282
Pornillos, O., & Ganser-Pornillos, B. K. (2019). Maturation of retroviruses. Curr Opin Virol, 36 , 47-55. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.004
Roulois, D., Loo Yau, H., Singhania, R., Wang, Y., Danesh, A., Shen, S. Y., . . . De Carvalho, D. D. (2015). DNA-Demethylating Agents Target Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Viral Mimicry by Endogenous Transcripts. Cell, 162 (5), 961-973. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.056
Schorn, A. J., Gutbrod, M. J., LeBlanc, C., & Martienssen, R. (2017). LTR-Retrotransposon Control by tRNA-Derived Small RNAs. Cell, 170 (1), 61-71.e11. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.013
Stoye, J. P., & Moroni, C. (1983). Endogenous retrovirus expression in stimulated murine lymphocytes. Identification of a new locus controlling mitogen induction of a defective virus. J Exp Med, 157 (5), 1660-1674. doi:10.1084/jem.157.5.1660
Tacke, S. J., Kurth, R., & Denner, J. (2000). Porcine endogenous retroviruses inhibit human immune cell function: risk for xenotransplantation? Virology, 268 (1), 87-93. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0149
Tacke, S. J., Specke, V., & Denner, J. (2003). Differences in release and determination of subtype of porcine endogenous retroviruses produced by stimulated normal pig blood cells. Intervirology, 46 (1), 17-24. doi:10.1159/000068120
Takeuchi, Y., Patience, C., Magre, S., Weiss, R. A., Banerjee, P. T., Le Tissier, P., & Stoye, J. P. (1998). Host range and interference studies of three classes of pig endogenous retrovirus. J Virol, 72 (12), 9986-9991. doi:10.1128/jvi.72.12.9986-9991.1998
Todaro, G. J., Benveniste, R. E., Lieber, M. M., & Sherr, C. J. (1974). Characterization of a type C virus released from the porcine cell line PK(15). Virology, 58 (1), 65-74. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(74)90141-x
van der Kuyl, A. C. (2012). HIV infection and HERV expression: a review.Retrovirology, 9 , 6. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-6
Weiss, R. A. (2006). The discovery of endogenous retroviruses.Retrovirology, 3 , 67. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-67
Wilson, C. A., Wong, S., VanBrocklin, M., & Federspiel, M. J. (2000). Extended analysis of the in vitro tropism of porcine endogenous retrovirus. J Virol, 74 (1), 49-56. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.1.49-56.2000
Wolf, G., Nielsen, A. L., Mikkelsen, J. G., & Pedersen, F. S. (2013). Epigenetic marking and repression of porcine endogenous retroviruses.J Gen Virol, 94 (Pt 5), 960-970. doi:10.1099/vir.0.049288-0
Yang, L., Güell, M., Niu, D., George, H., Lesha, E., Grishin, D., . . . Church, G. (2015). Genome-wide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). Science, 350 (6264), 1101-1104. doi:10.1126/science.aad1191
Zhang, Y., Li, T., Preissl, S., Amaral, M. L., Grinstein, J. D., Farah, E. N., . . . Ren, B. (2019). Transcriptionally active HERV-H retrotransposons demarcate topologically associating domains in human pluripotent stem cells. Nature genetics, 51 (9), 1380-1388. doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0479-7
Zhou, X., Singh, M., Sanz Santos, G., Guerlavais, V., Carvajal, L. A., Aivado, M., . . . Selivanova, G. (2021). Pharmacological activation of p53 triggers viral mimicry response thereby abolishing tumor immune evasion and promoting anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Discov . doi:10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-20-1741