Fig. 2. Schematic of coated seeds (left) and uncoated seeds
(right)
Water
PBM such as Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum
brasilense in Mentha pulegium(Asghari et al. 2020), Pseudomonassp. and Azotobacter sp. in Cymbopogon citratus(Mirzaei et al. 2020) can promote plant
tolerance against drought stress. Increased soil temperature by water
stress can inhibit PBM multiplication. In addition, it has been reported
that flooding condition causes the reduction of O2availability in the soil and restricts the aerobic respiration of
microorganisms in soils (Enebe and
Babalola 2018). The type of microorganism and light intensity can
influence PBM efficiency (Lopes et al.
2018).
Light
Light may alter the interactions between plants and micro-organisms by
changing the quantity and chemical compound of root exudates
(Lopes et al. 2018). The colonization of
microorganisms depends on plant-provided carbohydrates in exchange for
nutrients. Under limited light intensity, inoculation of PBM such asKaistobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. can enhance the
growth of Ophiopogon japonicus and Lolium perenne(Fu et al. 2020). The microbial root
symbioses such as Paraglomus sp., Rhizophagus sp., andRhizobium inhibited the growth of Phaseolus lunatus(Ballhorn et al. 2016).
Temperature
Temperature can interfere with interactions between plants and
microorganisms by changing root exudation composition, as well as,
affecting the morphological, biochemical, and physiological attributes
of plants (Meena et al. 2015).
Inoculation of PBM such as Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus
cereus can increase the growth of Triticum sp. and Solanum
lycopersicum and decrease the negative effects of high-temperature
stress (Ali et al. 2011). Similarly, it
has been found that the inoculation of Burkholderia sp. increased
the tolerance and yield of Vitis vinifera under low temperatures
(Fernandez et al. 2012).