References Year Country Sample source (total) Analyzed samples Positive samples Methods Identity
Brown And Cursons, 1977
1977
Norway
Swimming areas
50
34
Morphology
Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi
Lyons and Kapur, 1977 1977 USA Swimming Pool 30 27 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp. And /or Hartmannella spp.
Pernin and Riany, 1978
1978
France
Swimming Pool (9)
44
39
Morphology
Acanthamoeba spp. Hartmannella spp. Naegleria spp.
De Jonckheere, 1979. 1979 Belgium Swimming Pool 16 13 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.
Janitschke et al., 1980 1980 Germany Swimming Pool 14 10 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.
Gogate and Deodhar, 1985 1985 India Public swimming pool 12 1 Morphology N. fowleri
Vesaluoma et al., 1995 1995 Finland Public swimming pools and whirlpools (21) 34 14 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp., Vexillifera spp., Flabellula spp., Hartmannella spp., and Rugipes spp.
Górnik and Kuźna-Grygiel, 2004. 2004 Poland Public swimming pools (13) 72 42 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.
Lekkla et al., 2005 2005 Thailand Hot springs (13) 68 26 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.
Caumo et al., 2009 2009 Brazil Swimming pools 65 13 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Gianinazzi et al., 2009 2009 Switzerland Indoor hot swimming pools 1 1 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba lenticulata
Hsu et al., 2009 2009 Taiwan Recreational hot springs 55 9 PCR Acanthamoeba griffini and Acanthamoeba jacobsi
Hsu et al., 2009a 2009 Taiwan Mud receation area water 34 20 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp., and Naegleria spp.
Init et al., 2010 2010 Malaysia Public swimming pools (14) 14 14 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.
Huang and Hsu, 2010 2010 Taiwan Hot springs and waste water in recreation areas 52 11 PCR Acanthamoeba T1, Acanthamoeba T2, Acanthamoeba T3, Acanthamoeba T4, Acanthamoeba T5, Acanthamoeba T6 and Acanthamoeba T15
Gianinazzi et al., 2010 2010 Sweden Hot springs (4) 31 9 Morphology and PCR/DNA sequencing Acanthamoeba healyi, Stenoamoeba sp., Hartmannella vermiformis and Echinamoeba exundans
Huang and Hsu, 2010a 2010 Taiwan Hot springs and hot spring facilities 106 15 Morphology and PCR/DNA sequencing Naegleria lovaniensis, Naegleria australiensis, Naegleria clarki, Naegleria americana and Naegleria pagei
Huang and Hsu, 2011 2011 Taiwan Recreational waters 107 19 PCR Naegleria spp.
Ithoi et al., 2011 2011 Malaysia Recreational pools, lakes and streams 33 33 Morphology and PCR Naegleria spp.
Badirzadeh et al., 2011 2011 Iran Recreational hot springs 28 12 Morphology and PCR Vahlkampfiid and Acanthamoeba castellanii T4
Alves et al., 2012 2012 Brazil Public swimming pools (7) 7 7 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Kao et al., 2012 2012 Taiwan Recreation and drinking water sources (2) 211 13 PCR Naegleria philippinensis, N. clarki, Naegleria gálica, N. americana, N. australiensis, Naegleria dobsoni, N. gruberi and Naegleria schusteri
Nazaret at al., 2012 2012 Iran Recreational waters (22) 50 8 Morphology and PCR Hartmannella vermiformis and Vannella persistens
Niyyati et al., 2012
2012
Iran
River recreation areas (10)
55
15
Morphology and PCR
Acanthamoeba spp. (T4 e T15) and Naegleria spp. (N. pagei, N. clarki and Naegleria fultoni)
Solgi et al., 2012 2012 Iran Hot springs 30 8 Morphology and PCR Hartmannella vermiformis and Naegleria (N. carteri and Naegleria spp.)
Solgi et al., 2012a 2012 Iran Therapeutic hot springs 60 12 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T4 and T3
Kao et al., 2012a 2012 Taiwan Recreational hot springs (4) 60 9 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T15, Acanthamoeba T4, Acanthamoeba T2 and Acanthamoeba spp.
Kao et al., 2012b 2012 Taiwan Hot springs 60 26 Morphology and PCR / DNA sequencing N. australiensis, N. lovaniensis, Naegleria mexicana and N. gruberi
Moussa et al., 2013 2013 France Recreational geothermal waters (6) 73 35 Morphology and PCR N. fowleri and N. lovaniensis
Tung et al., 2013
2013
Taiwan
Hot springs (1)
25
13
Morphology and PCR / DNA sequencing
Naegleria spp. (N. fowleri) and Acanthamoeba spp.
Kiss et al., 2014 2014 Hungary Swimming pools (20) 164 68 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Al-Herrawy et al., 2014 2014 Egypt Swimming pools (10) 120 59 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Sifuentes et al., 2014 2014 USA Recreational water (33) 103 18 PCR Thermophilic amoebae and N. fowleri
Ji et al., 2014 2014 Taiwan Hot springs 61 29 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Ji et al., 2014 2014 Taiwan Hot springs 61 17 Morphology and PCR Naegleria spp.
Ji et al., 2014 2014 Taiwan Hot springs 61 11 Morphology and PCR Vermamoeba vermiformis
Behniafar et al., 2015 2015 Iran Recreational water (Cold and hot springs, and river) 40 7 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Evyapan et al., 2015 2015 Turkey Swimming pools and hot springs 50 21 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp., Acanthamoeba griffini T3, Acanthamoeba castellanii T4, and A. jacobsi T15
Niyyati et al., 2015 2015 Iran Recreational water (lakes, pools and streams) 60 9 Morphology and PCR N. australiensis and N. pagei
Todd et al., 2015 2015 Jamaica Recreational waters 83 42 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T4, Acanthamoeba T5, Acanthamoeba T10 and Acanthamoeba T11
Niyyati et al., 2015a 2015 Iran Recreational waters 50 15 Morphology and PCR A. castellanii T4
Fabres et al., 2016
2016
Brazil
Hot tubs and thermal pools
72
20
Morphology and PCR
Acanthamoeba T3 Acanthamoeba T4 Acanthamoeba T5 Acanthamoeba T15
Al-Herrawy et al., 2016 2016 Egypt Swimming pools (1) 48 30 Morfologia e PCR Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp. and Hartmannella
Mafi et al., 2016 2016 Iran Recreational water sources (40) 75 18 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp. and Vahlkampfiids (Naegleria spp.)
Niyyati et al., 2016 2016 Iran Recreational and therapeutic geothermal water sources 40 20 PCR Acanthamoeba T4 and T2
Niyyati et al., 2016a 2016 Iran Recreational waters 25 25 Morphology Vahlkampfidae spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Thecamoeba spp. and Miniamoebae spp.
Armand et al., 2016 2016 Iran Swimming pool 17 12 Morphology and PCR Vermamoeba spp. and Acanthamoeba spp.
Latifi et al., 2016 2016 Iran Hot springs 66 2 Morphology and PCR Balamuthia mandrillaris
Mafi et al., 2017 2017 Iran Swimming pool and Park Ponds (40) 75 18 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmannella spp. and Vahlkampfiids (Naegleria)
Al-Herrawy et al., 2017 2017 Egypt Swimming pool (2) 144 37 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.
Reyes-Batlle et al., 2017 2017 Spain Recreational waters (10) 10 1 Morphology and PCR Naegleria spp.
Latifi et al., 2017 2017 Iran Recreation hot springs 22 12 Morphology and PCR Naegleria spp. (N. australiensis, N. americana, N. dobsoni, N. pagei, N. polaris, and N. fultoni)
Javanmard et al., 2017 2017 Iran Public swimming, natural pool and hot springs 33 6 Morphology and PCR N. pagei and N. gruberi
Di Filippo et al., 2017 2017 Italy Geothermal springs 36 26 Morphology and PCR / DNA N. australiensis, Naegleria itálica, N. lovaniensis and Naegleria spp.
Vijayakumar, 2018 2018 Saudi Arabia Pools and recreation waters 27 7 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.
Hikal et al, 2018 2018 Egypt Swimming pool (5) 100 79 Morphology and PCR Naegleria spp.
Hikal et al, 2018 2018 Egypt Swimming pool (5) 100 24 Morphology and PCR Naegleria fowleri
Poor et al., 2018 2018 Iran Swimming pools and hot tubs (10) 40 8 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T3 and Acanthamoeba T4
Dodangeh et al., 2018 2018 Iran Recreational hot springs 24 11 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba castellanii T4
Latiff et al., 2018
2018
Malaysia
Recreational hot springs (5)
52
38
Morphology
Acanthamoeba spp. Naegleria spp.
Lares-Jiménez et al., 2018
2018
Mexico
Hot springs (1)
8
8
Morphology and PCR / DNA sequencing
N. lovaniensis, A. jacobsi, Stenamoeba sp., and Vermamoeba vermiformis
Haddad et al., 2019
2019
Iran
Hot springs
54
15
Morphology and PCR
Acanthamoeba castellanii T4, Vermamoeba vermiformis, N. australiensis, N. pageii and N. gruberi
Hussain et al., 2019 2019 Malaysia Recreational hot springs (5) 50 38 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T4, T15, T3, T5, T11 and T17
Sarmadian et al., 2020 2020 iran Swimming pools (6) 6 1 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.
Değerli et al., 2020 2020 Turkey Thermal swimming pool 434 148 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.
Latifi et al., 2020
2020
Iran
Hot springs and beaches
81
54
Morphology and PCR
Acanthamoeba (T3, T4 e T5), V. vermiformis and Naegleria spp.
Esboei et al., 2020 2020 Iran Swimming pools 30 12 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba T4
Paknejad et al., 2020
2020
Iran
Water from swimming pools and bathtubs
166
31
Morphology and PCR
Acanthamoeba T3, Acanthamoeba T4, Acanthamoeba T11, Acanthamoeba spp., Protacanthamoeba bohemica and N. lovaniensis
Sarmadian et al., 2020 2020 Iran Swimming pools (6) 576 1 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp.
Attariani et al., 2020 2020 Iran Swimming pools 42 3 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Eftekhari-Kenzerki et al., 2021 2021 Iran Indoor public swimming pools (20) 80 32 Morphology and PCR Acanthamoeba spp.
Aykur and Dagci, 2021 2021 Turkey Swimming pools 26 3 PCR Acanthamoeba T2, T4 and T5
Reyes-Batlle et al., 2021 2021 Portugal Swimming pool facilities (20) 20 0 PCR
Berrilli et al., 2021 2021 Italy Hot Springs (2) 36 33 Morphology and PCR V. vermiformisi, N. australiensisi, Acanthamoeba T4 and Acanthamoeba T15