Subgroup analysis No.of studies Incidence of PTSD(%) 95%CI Z statistic P value
Study country <.001
Asia 2 30.7 (0.27~0.35) 15.0 <.001
Europe 3 19.0 (0.16~0.22) 13.1 <.001
Oceania 2 7.3 (0.05~0.10) 6.3 <.001
North American 2 13.3 (0.07~0.20) 3.9 <.001
Traumatic birth assessment scales
<.001
DSM-A 5 21.6 ( 0.11~0.33) 3.8 <.001
Self-report 3 16.5 (0.02~0.31) 2.2 0.03
PTSD assessment scales <.001
Structured interview diagnostic scale 2 35.2 (0.09~0.23) 11.3 <.001
Self-assessment scale 7 16.3 (0.29~0.41) 4.6 <.001
Postpartum traumatic birth/ PTSD evaluation time <.001
4-8 weeks 6 16.9 (0.07~0.27) 3.2 0.001
1-4 months 1 34.6 (0.22~0.49) 5.2 <.001
1-12 months 1 22.0 ( 0.11~0.38) 3.4 0.001
Participants (postpartum women) <.001
Normal 6 13.7 (0.06~0.22) 3.4 0.001
With traumatic birth 2 21.9 (0.19~0.25) 16.1 <.001
With NICU 1 34.6 ( 0.22~0.49) 5.2 <.001
DSM-A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A criterion NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit DSM-A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A criterion NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit DSM-A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A criterion NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit DSM-A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A criterion NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit DSM-A: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders A criterion NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit