Cardiac outcomes
COVID-19 patients are commonly diagnosed with acute cardiac injury (34). Li et al. reported that 15% to 44% of COVID-19 patients had an incidence of cardiac injury, which was significantly larger than the prevalence found in congenital valvular disease (CVD) (5–15%) (35). This complied with a study published by Guo et al.(36), which revealed that the risk of mortality from cardiac injury was substantially higher than the risk of death from pre-existing CVD. Although it was common in adults and elderly COVID-19 patients, no cases were reported for COVID-19 pediatrics. Interestingly, our findings on pediatrics who had the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine showed that ST-segment elevation is the most common cardiac symptoms in the ECG results. (14, 16-18). The authors analyzed all vaccinated pediatric cardiac symptoms and revealed no significant risk of mortality among patients (Table 3).
Troponin was also reported by Shi et al. as an independent risk factor and a key biomarker for sign of death among COVID-19 patients (37). The elevated troponin levels for vaccinated pediatrics were also measured. It indicated an increased risk of cardiac injury in children who had the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine, but with no evidence of increased risk of mortality.