Psychological outcomes
The prevalence of depression and anxiety in diagnosed COVID-19 patients
are documented and ranged from 22.6% - 43.7% and 18.9 % - 37.4%,
respectively (38-40). For instance, Xie et al. reported a survey on home
confinement among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Authors found
that among 2330 students (1012 males), 403 students (22.6%) reported
depression and anxiety symptoms (38). Across sectional study of 8079
participants was reported by Chen and co-workers among Chinese students
(12-18 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess depressive and
anxiety symptoms. It revealed a prevalence of 43.7%, 37.4%, and 31.3%
of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and a combination of
depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively (39). Additionally, Liu et
al. published a report on psychological and behavioral changes among a
cluster of pneumonia patients, especially young people during the
COVID-19 pandemic. They found that patients had more state anxiety than
trait anxiety (15.8% vs 4.0%), 10.1% suffered from phobia, and
depression was found among 27.1% of respondents with 7.7% had
psychological abnormalities(40). The prevalence of depression and
anxiety were also found in vaccinated children and adolescents with the
BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine. It showed the prevalence of 54.5% and 11% of
depression and anxiety among vaccinated children and adolescents,
respectively.