Psychological outcomes
The prevalence of depression and anxiety in diagnosed COVID-19 patients are documented and ranged from 22.6% - 43.7% and 18.9 % - 37.4%, respectively (38-40). For instance, Xie et al. reported a survey on home confinement among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Authors found that among 2330 students (1012 males), 403 students (22.6%) reported depression and anxiety symptoms (38). Across sectional study of 8079 participants was reported by Chen and co-workers among Chinese students (12-18 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms. It revealed a prevalence of 43.7%, 37.4%, and 31.3% of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and a combination of depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively (39). Additionally, Liu et al. published a report on psychological and behavioral changes among a cluster of pneumonia patients, especially young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. They found that patients had more state anxiety than trait anxiety (15.8% vs 4.0%), 10.1% suffered from phobia, and depression was found among 27.1% of respondents with 7.7% had psychological abnormalities(40). The prevalence of depression and anxiety were also found in vaccinated children and adolescents with the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine. It showed the prevalence of 54.5% and 11% of depression and anxiety among vaccinated children and adolescents, respectively.