2.5 Open field test
The open field test is a common method for assessing anxiety-like behavior in rats. The apparatus was a 100 cm × 100 cm × 50 cm box (Shanghai Mobiledatum Information Technology Co., Shanghai, China) in a quiet and 30 lux illuminated room. Each rat was placed in the central area and video-recorded for 5 minutes. The total distance traveled in the field and the distance traveled in the central area were measured using SMART software (RRID:SCR_002852, version 3.0). The field was cleaned with 75% ethanol after each test to remove olfactory cues from the apparatus.