Figure 2. Gendered perceptions on main causes of land degradation on household’s plots (hh) and community-landscape level (cl)

Impacts of land degradation and restoration on ecosystem services

Of the 15 ecosystem services (ES) under consideration, the concordance analysis shows disagreements (Wt <0.5) in perceptions among the 59 men and 59 women (All raters in Table 1). The most disagreement was on economic ES and tenure. Worth noting, women largely have convergent views (Wt =0.63) on regulatory and cultural ES. Men on the other hand, have convergent views mostly on provisioning ES. Women have been found in several studies to have increased concern and knowledge of regulatory services while men are knowledgeable of provision services (Fortnam et al., 2019). A systematic review established that women have a stronger perception of soil formation, habitat conservation and sustaining biodiversity while men have strong knowledge of fuel and timber (Yang et al., 2018). Our results also show that men have higher agreement on rating of provisioning services than on regulatory and socio-economic.
Table 1 Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (Wt) for gendered agreements in restoration impacts