Figure 3. Pre-restoration gendered-perceptions of impacts of degradation on ecosystem services.
NB: erosion, fertility loss, grazing and deforestation impacts land productivity. Degradation impact on water availability for home (household and livestock) and irrigation, on landscape scenic beauty, habitat for wildlife, pollinators, and beneficial plants. Degradation impacts on weed incidence and pest and disease infestation. Pre-restoration costs and labour use to source firewood, poles and timber and forage or grazing grass.