Provisioning (crop production, irrigation water,
household/livestock water, fodder or grazing grass, fuelwood or poles or
timber; Regulatory (landscape beauty, wildlife and pollinator habitat,
reduction in weeds); cultural (religious and cultural sites); economic
(income, costs, time and energy from or on farm and availability of jobs
and businesses); tenure (access to communal land).
Intra-gender comparison for each of the ES revealed divergence in
perceptions between men and women on access to land and availability of
water for household and livestock, an indication of differences in lived
experiences, aspirations and opinions of land degradation, restoration,
and their valuation of these ES (Table 2). However, there is convergence
in their rating of availability of water for irrigation and fodder or
grazing grass, condition of religious and cultural sites and
availability of jobs and business opportunities, an indication of shared
experiences among these ES. We see that on average, restoration
activities tend to lower women’s access to communal land, especially in
Amhara. Women of SNNP, compared to their husbands, perceive increased
water availability for household and livestock use and increased income
from farming but relatively lower rating of costs and expenditures on
the farm following restoration.
Table 2 Mean ratings and correlations of perceptions of restoration
impacts among paired husband and wife ES raters