Figure Legends
Figure 1. Dios treatment reduced HFD-induced body weight and blood glucose gain in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A,B) Change of body weight and blood glucose in different weeks of the experimental period in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (C) Increased body weight in different groups. (D) Adipose index in different groups. (E) Liver index in different groups. (F) Representative pictures of retroperitoneal fats and livers from different groups. These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05 vs Control group; #p < 0.05vs Model group.
Figure 2. Dios ameliorated lipid accumulation in KK-Ay diabetic mice. the serum levels of (A) TC, (B) TG, (C) LDL-C, (D) HDL-C and (E) Insulin of different groups. (F) Representative images of hematoxylin-eosin and oil-red-O staining (Original magnifications were 200×) of liver and skeletal muscle sections of different groups. These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05 vs Control group; #p < 0.05vs Model group.
Figure 3. Dios reversed sustained transcriptional changes in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A) PCA analysis of different groups. (B) Heat map of correlation analysis. (C) Identification of DEGs in different groups. The green represents all regulated genes. The blue represents upregulated genes. The grey represents upregulated genes. (D-E) Heat map analysis was employed to the discrimination of expression profile of DEGs across the samples. Red and green areas separately represent highly and lowly expressed genes in different groups. (F) GO analysis of DEGs between Model and Dios group. (G) GO analysis of down-regulated genes between Model and Dios group. (H) KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs between Model and Dios group. (I) KEGG pathway analysis of up-regulated genes between Model and Dios group. (J) Reactome functional enrichment analysis. n = 3 individuals/group.
Figure 4. Dios treatment ameliorated HFD-induced glucose metabolism disorder in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A-C) The glucose metabolism and insulin resistance-related signaling proteins in liver were observed by western blot analysis. (D-F) The glucose metabolism and insulin resistance-related signaling proteins in skeletal muscle were observed by western blot analysis. These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 vs Control group; #p < 0.05vs Model group.
Figure 5. Dios treatment reverses HFD-induced gut dysbiosis in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A) PCoA of gut microbiota in mice based on weighted UniFrac. (B) UPGMA of gut microbiota in mice. (C) Changes in intestinal bacteria community at the phylum level from different groups. (D) The ratio of the phylum Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes . (E) The abundance of the phylum level of Firmicutes. (F) The abundance of the phylum level of Bacteroidetes . (G) Changes in intestinal bacteria community at the species level from different groups. Relative abundance of significant differences at the species level: (H) Lactobacillus_gasseri; (I)Aerococcus_viridans; (J) Corynebacterium_glutamicum. (K)Bacteroides_acidifaciens . These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 vs CK group; #p < 0.05vs M group.
Figure 6. C. glu and Dios treatment reduced HFD-induced body weight and blood glucose gain in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A,B) Change of body weight and blood glucose in different weeks of the experimental period in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (C) Increased body weight in different groups. (D) Liver index in different groups. (E) Adipose index in different groups. The serum levels of (F) TC, (G) TG, (H) LDL-C, (I) HDL-C and (J) Insulin of different groups. (K) Representative images of hematoxylin-eosin and oil-red-O staining (Original magnifications were 200×) of liver sections of different groups. These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05 vs Control group; #p < 0.05 vs Model group.
Figure 7. C. glu and Dios treatment ameliorated HFD-induced glucose metabolism disorder in KK-Ay diabetic mice. (A-C) The glucose metabolism and insulin resistance-related signaling proteins in liver were observed by western blot analysis. (D-F) The glucose metabolism and insulin resistance-related signaling proteins in skeletal muscle were observed by western blot analysis. These data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 vs Control group; #p < 0.05 vs Model group.