Sl. No. Places Heavy metals found(PPM) Heavy metals found(PPM) Remarks References
Uttar Pradesh
Cd:0.01-0.09; Co: 1.3-10.6; Cr:5.2-2100; Cu:5.9-39.2; Fe: 463-1873; Mg:441-1880; Ni:5.6-23.3; Pb:3.4-13.7; Zn:17.8-232.5. Cd:0.01-0.09; Co: 1.3-10.6; Cr:5.2-2100; Cu:5.9-39.2; Fe: 463-1873; Mg:441-1880; Ni:5.6-23.3; Pb:3.4-13.7; Zn:17.8-232.5.
The study finds various quantities of heavy metals in fish (Heteropnuestes Fossilis
Ajmal et al. 1984
Ganga and Bramhaputra river
Fe: 8040-2220; Mn: 183-523; Cr: 16-134; Ni: 7-49 Zn: 22-101; Cu: 2-62 Fe: 8040-2220; Mn: 183-523; Cr: 16-134; Ni: 7-49 Zn: 22-101; Cu: 2-62
The temporal and regional fluctuations in the distributions of heavy metals observed in Ganga sediment
Subramanian et al. 1987
Mirzapur
Cd: 13.37–32.73 Co: 10.50–26.77. Cu: 38.0–157.80 Fe: 19.75–72.77 Mn: 34.25–105.55 Ni: 67.25–176.13 Pb: 34.25–185.75 μg/L and Zn: 94.25–423.75 μg/L.
Cd: 13.37–32.73 Co: 10.50–26.77. Cu: 38.0–157.80 Fe: 19.75–72.77 Mn: 34.25–105.55 Ni: 67.25–176.13 Pb: 34.25–185.75 μg/L and Zn: 94.25–423.75 μg/L.
The study pointed out, heavy metal deposition in Ganga sediments and sewer-river confluence locations
Sharma et al. 1992
Kanpur
Cr: 0.15-0.75
Cr: 0.15-0.75
Heavy metal pollution of the Ganga River from tannery industry sludges
Khwaja et al. 2001
Lucknow, Kanpur, Delhi, and Agra
Cr: 115–817; Mn: 440–1 750; Fe: 28700–61100, Co: 11.7–29.0, Ni: 35–538, Cu: 33–1 204, Zn: 90–1974, Pb: 14–856 Cd: 0.14–114.8
Cr: 115–817; Mn: 440–1 750; Fe: 28700–61100, Co: 11.7–29.0, Ni: 35–538, Cu: 33–1 204, Zn: 90–1974, Pb: 14–856 Cd: 0.14–114.8
The study discovered heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers related to Ganga Plain urbanization.
Singh et al. 2002
Haridwar to Farraka
Cr 121 – 200 ; Mn 1150 – 3070; Fe 34,100 – 46,200 ; Co 14.7 – 25.3 ; Ni 35 – 63 ;Cu 44 – 69; Zn 87 – 181 ; Cd 0.41 – 1.31 ; Pb 18 – 35
Cr 121 – 200 ; Mn 1150 – 3070; Fe 34,100 – 46,200 ; Co 14.7 – 25.3 ; Ni 35 – 63 ;Cu 44 – 69; Zn 87 – 181 ; Cd 0.41 – 1.31 ; Pb 18 – 35
The geogenic distribution and baseline concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were discovered in Ganga River sediments.
Singh et al. 2003
West Bengal
Pb: 30.7-35.77
Pb: 30.7-35.77
The study discovered the negative consequences of lead levels in Ganga water and sedimets
Dutta et al., 2005
Varanasi
Cu: 1.7-2.0; Cr: 0.16- 0.2; Ni: 0.1-0.9 Fe: 1.0-1.5 Zn: 0.50 -0.6 ; Cd: 0.1-0.16 Cu: 1.7-2.0; Cr: 0.16- 0.2; Ni: 0.1-0.9 Fe: 1.0-1.5 Zn: 0.50 -0.6 ; Cd: 0.1-0.16
According to their research, this location was contaminated, and the water is unfit for residential use, irrigation, or other reasons.
Chaturvedi and Pandey, 2006
Babughat, Diamond Harbour and Gangasagar, West Bengal
Hg: 0.16-0.95 Pb: 0.017-0.076 Hg: 0.16-0.95 Pb: 0.017-0.076
The study looked at the high levels of dissolved heavy metals including Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Hg in three biologically diverse zones along the Ganga’s course.
Sarkar et al., 2007
Varanasi
Hg: 0-0.00191
Hg: 0-0.00191
The report studied Hg pollution in biotic and abiotic components of the Ganga River
Sinha et al. 2007
Kanpur city
Upstream
Downstream
According to the study, tannery waste is dumped into the Ganga River, and the concentration of Cr in downstream sediment was 30-fold greater than in upstream sediment, and it was above the likely impact limit.
Beg and Ali, 2008
As:0.25-0.25 Cd: 2.5-6 Cr: 0-5 Cu: 7-10 Mn: 85-125 Pb: 2.5-25 Ni: 5-7.5 Zn: 23-44.5 As: 0.25-0.25 Cd: 2.5-2.5 Cr: 105-250 Cu: 15-17 Mn: 160-254 Pb: 2.5-25 Ni: 8.5-13 Zn: 55-70
Rishra-Konnaga, West Bengal
Zn: 5.229-12.292 Cu:0.949-7.598 Cr: 2.212-3.432 Pb:0.014-0.017 Cd: 0.719-1.454 Zn: 5.229-12.292 Cu:0.949-7.598 Cr: 2.212-3.432 Pb:0.014-0.017 Cd: 0.719-1.454 The study looked at the buildup of heavy metals in water, sediment, and tissues of several edible fishes. The metal accumulation in fishes were in below order Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Pb
Bhattacharya et al. 2008
West Bengal
Fe: 0.025-5.49, Mn: 0.025-2.72, Zn: 0.012-0.370, Ni:0.012-0.375, Cr: 0.001-0.044 ; Pb: 0.001- 0.250; Cd:0.001-0.003 Cu: 0.003-0.032 Fe: 0.025-5.49, Mn: 0.025-2.72, Zn: 0.012-0.370, Ni:0.012-0.375, Cr: 0.001-0.044 ; Pb: 0.001- 0.250; Cd:0.001-0.003 Cu: 0.003-0.032
The presence of several heavy metals investigated in the surface water of the Ganga River was reported in the following order: Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd. 92% of the analyzed samples found the presence of the heavy metals
Kar et al. 2008
Allahabad
Cu:0.054-0.452 Cr:0.056-0.068 Cd: 0.032-0.044 Pb: 2.32-2.35 Zn:8.7-10.62 Cu:0.054-0.452 Cr:0.056-0.068 Cd: 0.032-0.044 Pb: 2.32-2.35 Zn:8.7-10.62
The study looked at the presence and bioaccumulation of numerous heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn) in the muscles of two catfish species caught in the Ganga.
Gupta et al. 2009
Rishikesh to Allahabad
Cd: 0.6-13 Cu: 10-36 Pb: 2.4-26 Zn: 12-106 Cd: 0.6-13 Cu: 10-36 Pb: 2.4-26 Zn: 12-106
The authors investigated the distribution of non-radioactive heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb) in Ganga River water and discovered that concentrations of detecting heavy metals exceeded the regulatory limits in selected regions.
Sharma et al. 2012
Varanasi.
Cr: 126.84–196.11 Ni: 14.63–82.5 Co: 29.98–102.24 Fe: 7175.5–9385 Zn: 137.25–201.2 Cu: 12.67–84 Cd: 9.52–79 Pb: 148.83–211.36 Cr: 126.84–196.11 Ni: 14.63–82.5 Co: 29.98–102.24 Fe: 7175.5–9385 Zn: 137.25–201.2 Cu: 12.67–84 Cd: 9.52–79 Pb: 148.83–211.36
The investigation discovered that Pb, Cd, Cu, and Ni were present in considerable amounts in the accessible fraction.
Pandey et al. 2015
Kaushambi
Cu: ND-1000; Fe: ND-600; Pb:ND-9;Zn: ND-980
Cu: ND-1000; Fe: ND-600; Pb:ND-9;Zn: ND-980
Chaudhury et al., 2017
Ganga Basin
Cr:7.12-155.0 Cd:0.21-3.6 Pb:2.1-36.5;Ni:3.54-53.1;Cu:2.1-73.98; Zn:6.3-104.3; Fe: 17389-49568 Mn:139-2167
Cr:7.12-155.0 Cd:0.21-3.6 Pb:2.1-36.5;Ni:3.54-53.1;Cu:2.1-73.98; Zn:6.3-104.3; Fe: 17389-49568 Mn:139-2167
The study found that the amounts of Cr and Cd in water, as well as Mn in sediment, were greater in the Ganga River than in many other rivers throughout the world.
Siddiqui & Pandey, 2019
Rishikesh to Roorkee
Zn:32.84; Pb:3.73 Mn:3.52; Fe:5696.92 Cu:52.4; Si:1.54 Ni:2.91; Cd: 2.81; Co:2.9
Zn:32.84; Pb:3.73 Mn:3.52; Fe:5696.92 Cu:52.4; Si:1.54 Ni:2.91; Cd: 2.81; Co:2.9
The current study’s Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) findings suggest that the water samples from the Ganga River were severely contaminated with heavy metals. The HPI observation was above the high class (HPI>30).
Matta et al., 2018
Gomti-Ganga River basin
As: 6.1; Fe: 152.3; Cd: 19.5; Pb: 83.9; Mn: 52.4; Cr: 7.6
As: 6.1; Fe: 152.3; Cd: 19.5; Pb: 83.9; Mn: 52.4; Cr: 7.6
COVID-19 lockout improved the Ganga River’s dissolved heavy metal burden.
Khan et al., 2021