REFERENCES
An, D. J., Roh, I. S., Song, D. S., Park, C. K., & Park, B. K. (2007). Phylogenetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 in PMWS and PDNS Korean pigs between 1999 and 2006. Virus Res, 129 (2), 115-122. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.06.024
Cai, L., Han, X., Ni, J., Yu, X., Zhou, Z., Zhai, X., . . . Tian, K. (2011). Natural recombinants derived from different patterns of recombination between two PCV2b parental strains. Virus Res, 158 (1-2), 281-288. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.021
Cheung, A. K. (2009). Homologous recombination within the capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 subgroup viruses via natural co-infection.Arch Virol, 154 (3), 531-534. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0329-5
Fenaux, M., Halbur, P. G., Gill, M., Toth, T. E., & Meng, X. J. (2000). Genetic characterization of type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV-2) from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in different geographic regions of North America and development of a differential PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay to detect and differentiate between infections with PCV-1 and PCV-2. J Clin Microbiol, 38 (7), 2494-2503. doi:10.1128/JCM.38.7.2494-2503.2000
Firth, C., Charleston, M. A., Duffy, S., Shapiro, B., & Holmes, E. C. (2009). Insights into the Evolutionary History of an Emerging Livestock Pathogen: Porcine Circovirus 2. Journal of Virology, 83 (24), 12813-12821. doi:doi:10.1128/JVI.01719-09
Franzo, G., Cortey, M., Segales, J., Hughes, J., & Drigo, M. (2016). Phylodynamic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 reveals global waves of emerging genotypes and the circulation of recombinant forms.Mol Phylogenet Evol, 100 , 269-280. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.028
Franzo, G., & Segales, J. (2018). Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) genotype update and proposal of a new genotyping methodology. PLoS One, 13 (12), e0208585. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208585
Guo, L., Fu, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Wei, Y., Tang, Q., . . . Liu, C. (2012). A porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) mutant with 234 amino acids in capsid protein showed more virulence in vivo, compared with classical PCV2a/b strain. PLoS One, 7 (7), e41463. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041463
Guo, L. J., Lu, Y. H., Wei, Y. W., Huang, L. P., & Liu, C. M. (2010). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): genetic variation and newly emerging genotypes in China. Virol J, 7 , 273. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-7-273
Hesse, R., Kerrigan, M., & Rowland, R. R. (2008). Evidence for recombination between PCV2a and PCV2b in the field. Virus Res, 132 (1-2), 201-207. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.013
Huang, Y., Shao, M., Xu, X., Zhang, X., Du, Q., Zhao, X., . . . Tong, D. (2013). Evidence for different patterns of natural inter-genotype recombination between two PCV2 parental strains in the field.Virus Res, 175 (1), 78-86. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.014
Jang, G., Yoo, H., Kim, Y., Yang, K., & Lee, C. (2021). Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 on Jeju Island, South Korea, 2019-2020: evidence of a novel intergenotypic recombinant.Arch Virol, 166 (4), 1093-1102. doi:10.1007/s00705-020-04948-1
Kim, H. K., Luo, Y., Moon, H. J., Park, S. J., Keum, H. O., Rho, S., & Park, B. K. (2009). Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of genomic sequences of PCV2 isolated in Korea. Virus Genes, 39 (3), 352-358. doi:10.1007/s11262-009-0395-5
Kleymann, A., Soto, E., Illanes, O., Malik, Y. S., Fuentealba, C., & Ghosh, S. (2020). High rates of detection and complete genomic analysis of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in the Lesser Antilles island of St. Kitts: Identification of PCV2b-PCV2d recombinants. Transbound Emerg Dis, 67 (6), 2282-2289. doi:10.1111/tbed.13583
Krakowka, S., Allan, G., Ellis, J., Hamberg, A., Charreyre, C., Kaufmann, E., . . . Meehan, B. (2012). A nine-base nucleotide sequence in the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nucleocapsid gene determines viral replication and virulence. Virus Res, 164 (1-2), 90-99. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.027
Lekcharoensuk, P., Morozov, I., Paul, P. S., Thangthumniyom, N., Wajjawalku, W., & Meng, X. J. (2004). Epitope mapping of the major capsid protein of type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) by using chimeric PCV1 and PCV2. J Virol, 78 (15), 8135-8145. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.15.8135-8145.2004
Lole, K. S., Bollinger, R. C., Paranjape, R. S., Gadkari, D., Kulkarni, S. S., Novak, N. G., . . . Ray, S. C. (1999). Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination.J Virol, 73 (1), 152-160. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999
Ma, C. M., Hon, C. C., Lam, T. Y., Li, V. Y., Wong, C. K., de Oliveira, T., & Leung, F. C. (2007). Evidence for recombination in natural populations of porcine circovirus type 2 in Hong Kong and mainland China. J Gen Virol, 88 (Pt 6), 1733-1737. doi:10.1099/vir.0.82629-0
Mahe, D., Blanchard, P., Truong, C., Arnauld, C., Le Cann, P., Cariolet, R., . . . Jestin, A. (2000). Differential recognition of ORF2 protein from type 1 and type 2 porcine circoviruses and identification of immunorelevant epitopes. J Gen Virol, 81 (Pt 7), 1815-1824. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-81-7-1815
Mankertz, J., Buhk, H. J., Blaess, G., & Mankertz, A. (1998). Transcription analysis of porcine circovirus (PCV). Virus Genes, 16 (3), 267-276. doi:10.1023/a:1008022521329
Nawagitgul, P., Morozov, I., Bolin, S. R., Harms, P. A., Sorden, S. D., & Paul, P. S. (2000). Open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2 encodes a major capsid protein. J Gen Virol, 81 (Pt 9), 2281-2287. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2281
Neira, V., Ramos, N., Tapia, R., Arbiza, J., Neira-Carrillo, A., Quezada, M., . . . Bucarey, S. A. (2017). Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 from pigs affected with PMWS in Chile reveals intergenotypic recombination. Virol J, 14 (1), 191. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0850-1
Olvera, A., Cortey, M., & Segales, J. (2007). Molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 genomes: phylogeny and clonality.Virology, 357 (2), 175-185. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.047
Opriessnig, T., & Langohr, I. (2013). Current state of knowledge on porcine circovirus type 2-associated lesions. Vet Pathol, 50 (1), 23-38. doi:10.1177/0300985812450726
Ramos, N., Mirazo, S., Castro, G., & Arbiza, J. (2013). Molecular analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 strains from Uruguay: evidence for natural occurring recombination. Infect Genet Evol, 19 , 23-31. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.017
S, P., A, R., Karuppannan, A. K., G, D. R., J, J. R., S, H., . . . Ghadevaru, S. (2021). Emergence of novel Porcine circovirus 2 genotypes in Southern India. Transbound Emerg Dis . doi:10.1111/tbed.14158
Segales, J. (2012). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. Virus Res, 164 (1-2), 10-19. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.007
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.Mol Biol Evol, 30 (12), 2725-2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197
Thangthamniyom, N., Sangthong, P., Poolperm, P., Thanantong, N., Boonsoongnern, A., Hansoongnern, P., . . . Lekcharoensuk, P. (2017). Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Thailand during 2009-2015. Vet Microbiol, 208 , 239-246. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.006
Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Zheng, W., Noll, L., Porter, E., Potter, M., . . . Bai, J. (2019). A multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of the newly emerged porcine circovirus type 3 and continuously evolving type 2 strains in the United States. J Virol Methods, 269 , 7-12. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.011
Wang, Y., Noll, L., Lu, N., Porter, E., Stoy, C., Zheng, W., . . . Bai, J. (2020). Genetic diversity and prevalence of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018.Transbound Emerg Dis, 67 (3), 1284-1294. doi:10.1111/tbed.13467
Wei, C., Lin, Z., Dai, A., Chen, H., Ma, Y., Li, N., . . . Liu, J. (2019). Emergence of a novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 in China: PCV2c and PCV2d recombinant. Transbound Emerg Dis, 66 (6), 2496-2506. doi:10.1111/tbed.13307
Xiao, C. T., Halbur, P. G., & Opriessnig, T. (2015). Global molecular genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) sequences confirms the presence of four main PCV2 genotypes and reveals a rapid increase of PCV2d. J Gen Virol, 96 (Pt 7), 1830-1841. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000100
Table 1 The prevalence of PCV2 in all tested samples during 2019-2020