References
  1. Ldwig J. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia: an update. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73:285-91.
  2. Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman Z, Nelson RC, Smith AD. Liver biopsy. Hepatol. 2009;49:1017-44.
  3. Reau NS, Jensen DM. Vanishing bile duct syndrome. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12:203-17.
  4. Ludwig J, Wiesner RH, LaRusso NF. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia. A cause of chronic cholestatic liver disease and biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1988;7:193-9.
  5. Bilal M, Kazemi A, Babich M. Idiopathic Adulthood Ductopenia: ’It Is Out There’. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2016;10:99-102.
  6. Zhang XC, Wang D, Li X, Hu YL, Wang C. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia with elevated transaminase only: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8:6524-8.
  7. Burt A, Ferrell L, Hubscher S. MacSween’s Pathology of the Liver. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018.
  8. Kleiner DE. The Pathology of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29:364-72.
  9. Padda MS, Sanchez M, Akhtar AJ, Boyer JL. Drug-induced cholestasis. Hepatology. 2011;53:1377-87.
  10. Moradpour D, Altorfer J, Flury R, Greminger P, Meyenberger C, Jost R, Schmid M. Chlorpromazine-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome leading to biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1994;20:1437-41.
  11. Desmet VJ. Vanishing bile duct syndrome in drug-induced liver disease. J Hepatol. 1997;26 Suppl 1:31-5.
  12. Davies MH, Harrison RF, Elias E, Hübscher SG. Antibiotic-associated acute vanishing bile duct syndrome: a pattern associated with severe, prolonged, intrahepatic cholestasis. J Hepatol. 1994;20:112-6.
  13. Schumaker AL, Okulicz JFMeropenem-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:953.
  14. Kawasaki Y, Matsubara K, Hashimoto K, Tanigawa K, Kage M, Iwata A, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome treated with plasmapheresis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57: e30-1.
  15. Cho HJ, Jwa HJ, Kim KS, Gang DY, Kim JY. Urosodeoxycholic Acid Therapy in a Child with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole-induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2013;16:273-8.
  16. Ishii M, Miyazaki Y, Yamamoto T, Miura M, Ueno Y, Takahashi T, et al. A case of drug‐induced ductopenia resulting in fatal biliary cirrhosis. Liver. 1993;13:227-31.
  17. Douglass KM, Willner IR, Glenn DJ, Jones RM. Idiopathic Adulthood Ductopenia Causing Cirrhosis. ACG Case Rep J. 2020;7:e00349.
  18. Hashim A, Barnabas A, Miquel R, Agarwal K. Successful liver transplantation for drug-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13:e233052.
  19. Sutherland R, Croydon EA, Rolinson GN. Flucloxacillin, a new isoxazolyl penicillin, compared with oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin. Br Med J. 1970;4:455-60.
  20. Devereaux BM, Crawford DH, Purcell P, Powell LW, Roeser HP. Flucloxacillin associated cholestatic hepatitis. An Australian and Swedish epidemic?. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;49:81-5.
  21. Andrews E, Daly AK. Flucloxacillin-induced liver injury. Toxicology. 2008;254:158-63.
  22. Eckstein RP, Dowsett JF, Lunzer MR. Flucloxacillin induced liver disease: histopathological findings at biopsy and autopsy. Pathology. 1993;25:223-8.
  23. Nghona N, Sonderup MW, Spearman CWN. Jaundice and an itch following a fall. Contin Med Educ. 2013;31:270-1.
  24. Pas AT, Quinn EL. Cholestatic hepatitis following the administration of sodium oxacillin. JAMA. 1965;191:674-5.
  25. Enat R, Pollack S, Ben-Arieh Y, Livni E, Barzilai D. Cholestatic jaundice caused by cloxacillin: macrophage inhibition factor test in preventing rechallenge with hepatotoxic drugs. Br Med J. 1980;280:982-3.
  26. Goland S, Malnick SD, Gratz R, Feldberg E, Geltner D, Sthoeger ZM. Severe cholestatic hepatitis following cloxacillin treatment. Postgrad Med J. 1998;74:59-60.
  27. Stone CA, Trubiano J, Coleman DT, Rukasin CRF, Phillips EJ. The challenge of de‐labeling penicillin allergy. Allergy. 2020;74:273-288.
  28. Papay JI, Clines D, Rafi R, Yuen N, Britt SD, Walsh JS, et al. Drug-induced liver injury following positive drug rechallenge. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;54:84-90.
  29. Olsson R, Wiholm BE, Sand C, Zettergren L, Hultcrantz R, Myrhed M. Liver damage from flucloxacillin, cloxacillin and dicloxacillin. J Hepatol. 1992;15:154-61.
  30. Degott C, Feldmann G, Larrey D, Durand-Schneider AM, Grange D, Machayekhi JP, et al. Drug-induced prolonged cholestasis in adults: a histological semiquantitative study demonstrating progressive ductopenia. Hepatology. 1992;15:244-51.
  31. Bonkovsky HL, Kleiner ED, Gu J, Odin JA, Russo MW, Navarro VM, et al. Clinical presentations and outcomes of bile duct loss caused by drugs and herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology. 2017;65:1267-77.
  32. Perez MJ, Briz O. Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:1677-89.
  33. Bessone F, Hernández N, Tanno M, Roma MG. Drug-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Semin Liver Dis. 2021;41:331-48.