Figure 3. Observed and modelled changes in Cyp6aa/Cyp6phaplotype frequencies over time in Anopheles gambiae s.s.populations from DRC, Kenya and Uganda. Upper panel shows mutation frequency estimates derived from wild caught individuals from Kabondo, DRC; western Kenya and eastern Uganda, The 95% CIs for each observed data point were calculated according to[47]. Expected data generated from simultaneous maximum likelihood estimates of initial frequency and selection and dominance coefficients which were then used to parameterize standard recursive allele frequency change equation. The lower panel shows data from DRC tracking the emergence and spread of the triple mutant haplotype. Triangles indicate collection locations within each district. The red triangle shows the Kabondo sample site for which there was the most complete time series.