Author contributions
HN, AvH, MJIP, DW and MJD designed the study; HN, AvT, AO, DP, SCN, AL conducted lab and insectary experiments; HN, AvH, SCN, AL, ERL, ST, XG-B, DM, MJD performed analysis; AO, AL FW, EM, FA, SI, BK, DW, CM conducted field collections and phenotyping; HN,ERL, DW, MJD wrote the manuscript with input from all authors; JLB, CM, MJIP, DW and MJD supervised the study; all authors approved the final version of the manuscript.