Analysis of temporal change
The most complete time series of ZZB-TE, Cyp6p4-236M andCyp6aap-Dup1 allele frequencies were available from Kabondo, DRC;
western Kenya and eastern Uganda. To model allele frequency changes over
time we estimated the three parameters of the standard recursive
population genetic model (allele frequency at time zero, selection
coefficient and dominance coefficient) using a maximum likelihood
approach assuming a binomial distribution: an approach previously
applied to insecticide target-site resistance mutations
[31]. The
analysis was performed in R
(http://www.r-project.org). An
estimated generation time of one calendar month was used as in previous
studies [31].