Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Stanford RISE COVID-19 Crisis Response Seed Grant Program, and the Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection Seed Award. F.S was supported by the Stanford Molecular Imaging Scholars program, 5R25CA118681. (NIH T32 postdoctoral fellowship) and the Schmidt Science Fellows in partnership with the Rhodes Trust. P.D.S. was supported by the James D. Plummer Graduate Fellowship, EDGE Doctoral Fellowship Program, the Dean’s Office of the Stanford School of Engineering, and the Department of Chemical Engineering. The authors thank C. F. Guimarães for the helpful discussion.

Conflict of interest

Prof. Utkan Demirci (UD) is a founder of and has an equity interest in: (i) DxNow Inc., a company that is developing microfluidic IVF tools and imaging technologies, (ii) Koek Biotech, a company that is developing microfluidic technologies for clinical solutions, (iii) Levitas Inc., a company focusing on developing microfluidic sorters using magnetic levitation, (iv) Hillel Inc., a company bringing microfluidic cell phone tools to home settings, and (v) Mercury Biosciences, a company developing vesicle isolation technologies. UD's interests were viewed and managed in accordance with the conflict-of-interest policies.

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