Figure 3. Temporal activity patterns of leopard (a, e,f, g), wild boar (b, e), roe deer (c, f), and Tolai hare (d, g), including diurnal and nocturnal activity intensity (a – d) and overlap of predator-prey nocturnal activity (e – f). Wild boar and Tolai hare distinctly reduce nocturnal and diurnal activity during the full moon, while leopard and roe deer increase diurnal activity during the full moon. High nocturnal activity overlap is observed between leopard and roe deer during the full lunar cycle and low overlap is observed between leopard and wild boar. Lunar phases are new moon (new), first quarter (1Q), full moon (full), and last quarter (2Q). In each plot e – g, temporal activity density is denoted by the solid line (predator) and broken line (prey); gray shading represents the area of overlap using the coefficient of overlapping (‘overlap coefficient’∆) and cl (Confidence intervals), and Spearman rank correlation (SRC) between the leopard and prey species from day versus night (we investigated whether diurnal activity changes due to moon phase are the same as nocturnal changes due to moon phase) and nocturnal overlap between predator-prey Coff ( coefficient ),P represented significant level.
Table 2 . Seasonal number of photographic capture events and relative abundance index (RAI per 100 camera trap days) for the North China leopard and prey species in Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Shanxi Province, China from March 2017 to May 2019.