*MS4A1, CD79A, CD79B positive
CD8+ T cells.
Experimental studies show that enhanced TGF-β signalling and HIF
expression contribute to the progression of tumors [165]. HIF
signalling contributes to the etiopathology of various autoimmune
diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) [166]. MS and other
severe neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s, can emerge as
causalities of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and spike protein
side effects [167,168]. Moreover, the combination of a) IL-6 and
TNF-α overexpression, b) enhanced TGF-β signalling and c) increase of
HIF expression by the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine spike protein can be
detrimental for the development of the Treg response and lead directly
to autoimmunity [169].
As illustrated in Figure 3, HIF overexpression increases TGF-β
signalling [170]. At the same time, the abundance of IL-6, when
accompanied by the overexpression of TNF-α, results in the decrease of
CD4+, CD25+(high), Foxp3+ Treg cells, and the increase of
IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells [171]. In addition, the
expression of TGF-β, in tandem with IL-6, represses Foxp3 expression and
enhances CD17 expression and hence growth of a Th17 cell subpopulation
via RORγt nuclear receptor expression and activation of signal
transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) [172,173]. The
spike protein has been shown to activate both TLR2 and TLR4, resulting
in JAK/STAT signalling [174-176].