S.No Experimental models Species used Involvement Outcome Reference
1 PAR 1 deficient STZ induced diabetic nephropathy model in mice C57BL/6 mice PAR1 antagonist p1pal-12 Mesangial proliferation and fibronectin production was reduced upon co-administration of PAR1 antagonist p1pal-12 4
2 PAR1 inhibition in type-2 diabetic nephropathy model in mice BTBRob/ob mice PAR1 antagonist vorapaxar Vorapaxar treatment did not correct the glomerular damage but mesangial expansion was significantly reduced 14
3 eNOS deficient diabetic nephropathy model in mice C57BL/6J mice anti-TF antibody AF3178 Administration of anti-TF antibody AF3178 has significantly reduced TF dependent PAR2 induced kidney dysfunction by correcting increase in urinary albumin, thickening of glomerular basement membrane (GBM), glomerulosclerosis and fibrin deposition 63
4 Role of FXa and PAR2 interaction in diabetic nephropathy model in mice Akita mice FXa inhibitor edoxaban Inhibition of FXa by edoxaban retarded the invasion of macrophages in glomeruli by PAR2 inactivation. It also ameliorated the diabetic nephropathy by reduction in urinary albumin excretion, mesangial matrix production and also reduced PAR2 mediated inflammation 59
5 Role of PAR 2 in STZ induced diabetic nephropathy model in mice C57Bl/6 mice PAR 2 gene knockout PAR2 deficiency resulted in reduced albuminuria but it was accompanied by increased mesangial expansion and collagen deposition in the glomeruli 64
6 Role of PARs in thrombin induced podocyte injury in NS (nephritic syndrome) model in rat Wistar rat Thrombin inhibitor hirudin Administration of hirudin has attenuated the thrombin induced podocyte injury by inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and correcting increased proteinuria levels 68
7 Role of PAR1 in podocyte injury in doxorubicin induced nephropathy in mice model BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice PAR 1 antagonist Q94 Administration of Q94 has improved the doxorubicin induced loss of podocin and nephrin proteins, and also corrected the increased albuminuria, plasma creatinine, oxidative stress and glomerulosclerosis levels 49
8 Role of PAR 2 in renal tubular epithelial inflammation in UUO mice model Male CD-1 mice PAR 2 antagonist FSLLRY-Amide, mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and its activator MYH1485 Inhibition of PAR 2 by FSLLRY-Amide has attenuated the UUO induced renal tubular epithelial inflammation via activation of mTOR signaling pathway 1
9 Role of PAR 4 in acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury induced AKI model in mice C57BL/6J and PAR4KO mice PAR 4 gene knockout Post I/R injury insult deletion of PAR4 gene facilitated the progression of I/R induced renal injury while contrarily protecting the podocyte damage. 114
10 Role of PAR2 in mediating focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in drug induced nephrotoxicity model Male Sprague-Dawley rats Adriamycin (ADR) and PAR2 inhibitor FSLLRY-NH2 (FSL) Administration of adriamycin resulted in nephropathy with increased cytokine levels and also podocyte damage which was corrected by PAR2 inhibitor FSLLRY-NH2 (FSL) 87
11 Role of PAR2 blockade in mediating renal injury in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced endotoxemic rat model Male wistar rat Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PAR2 blocking peptide sc-9278 P Blockade of PAR2 by peptide sc-9278 P has attenuated the LPS induced elevated TNF-α, ET-1 levels and also iNOS protein expression 109
12 Beneficial effect of PAR2 in VEGF inhibitor induced glomerular and podocyte injury in mice model C57BL/6J B20–4.1.1(a mouse anti-VEGF Ab), PAR2 agonist( 2f-LIGRLO) PAR2 knockout and eNOS knockout PAR2 has attenuated the damage of renal tissue induced by the VEGF inhibitor 81
13 Protective effects of dual blockade of PAR1 AND PAR2 in DKD eNOS deficient Akita diabetic mice PAR1 agonist (TFLLR-NH2) and PAR2 agonist (2f-LIGRLO) DUAL blockade by PAR1 and PAR-2 attenuates DKD by distinct mechanisms 65