(Langelage 2022) examined urge-tic association in 25 children and adolescents with GTS. The authors were interested in urge-tic associations, including inter-individual differences, correlation with clinical measures, and compared their findings with a sample of adults. At group level the authors found positive associations between urges and tics, but this was not confirmed in the individual level data since less than half of participants showed positive association between urge and tic, similar proportion did not, and two participants had reverse association. Similarly to previous reports, associations between urge levels and tic intensity was less pronounced in children and adolescents than adults with GTS. 
 
(Ramsey 2022) used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the distress provoked by the PU in patients with tics. Higher levels of urge intolerance predicted greater levels of clinician-rated tic severity and tic impairment.
 
(He 2022) tested the contribution of brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate levels of the right primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), supplementary motor area (SMA), and insular cortex (insula) to tic and urge severity in children with GTS. As a result, they have demonstrated involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission within the SMA in the experience of PU in children with GTS.
 
(Arbuzova 2022) examined tactile and visual metacognitive ability in patients with GTS and it's association with PU. The authors did not find impairment of metacognition in individuals with GTS and no association between PU and metacognition was also determined.