Objective: Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible abnormal dilation and anatomic breakdown of the bronchial tree. In our study we aimed to understand the causes of osteoporosis at molecular levels and to investigatethe usefulness of RANKL and OPG levels as markers in early diagnosis and follow-up of osteoporosis, RANKL inhibitors in the treatment of osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: 30 noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients were diagnosed as osteoporosis with DEXA and applied to the Pediatrics Chest Diseases Department of Meram Medical Faculty of Necmettin Erbakan University between June 2015 and June 2016 were included in our study. BMD values were determined by DEXA and QUS in the patient group and only QUS in the control group. Results: In the patient group 56.6% (n: 17) were male, 43.4% (n: 13) were. There was no statistically significant difference between RANKL, OPG, RANKL / OPG ratios, BALP, OST, NTX values between the patient and control group (p> 0.05). The median serum Ca level was 9.51 (IQC: 0.74) in the patient group and 9.75 (IQC: 0.47) in the control group, there was a statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.003). There was a strong positive correlation between QUS z scores and DEXA z scores in the patient group (p = 0.008). Conclusion: In conclusion, we could not pinpoint the role of RANK / RANKL / OPG in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, we think it is appropriate to conduct studies on a wider series in this topic.

Chronic cough is one of the most common complaints of childhood to consult a doctor. There are many causes such as respiratory tract infections, gastroesophageal reflux, persistent bacterial bronchitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, congenital malformations, and foreign body aspiration in children under the age of five. However, neither transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI) among the causes of chronic cough, nor chronic cough among the application complaints of THI are not questioned. In this study, we aimed to draw attention to the role of THI in the etiology of chronic cough under the age of five. Our study included 55 pediatric patients under the age of five who applied to the pediatric pulmonary diseases outpatient clinic in between January 2015 and December 2020 with the complaint of chronic cough, who were excluded from other causes of chronic cough in etiology, and who met the criteria for THI according to the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID). Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics and follow-ups of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. In our study, the mean age of 55 patients at admission was 21.73 ± 11.50 months (median age: 18 months), and the mean age of IgG recovery was 38.65 ± 16.81 months. The mean recovery time was 16.93 ± 12.85 months. Of the patients, 22.4% had a history of consanguinity, 23.4% had prematurity, and 18.2% had a frequent sickness in siblings. The most common complaint accompanying chronic cough in patients was frequent respiratory tract infection, 16.3%. Along with IgG, 26.4% of the patients had low IgA and 31.5% had low IgM in laboratory testing. In antibody responses, isohemagglutinin, anti-tetanus, anti-pneumococcal, anti-HBs vaccine responses were found to be positive in 90.6%, 63.9%, 66.7% and 97.7% of the cases, respectively. 72.7% of the patients received inhaler treatment, 45.5% received antibiotic prophylaxis, and 2.2% received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment. After the IgG value of the patients returned to normal, it was observed that 86.3% of the patients’ cough complaint have disappeared. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy mostly presents with recurrent lower and upper respiratory tract infections. The most common complaint is cough. It is not questioned whether the cough is chronic or not. In this study, we aimed to investigate the follow-up and prognosis of patients under the age of five who had a chronic cough complaint, when other causes of cough were ruled out and THI was detected. In the study, when the IgG levels of the patients return to normal, the cough complaints disappear to a large extent, showing that THI may also be among the causes of chronic cough.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by a novel coronavirus that can lead to severe acute respiratory failure. Recent studies have shown that aggravating factors in the etiology of COVID-19 disease include genetic defects and autoantibodies against type 1 interferon. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an immobile aerobic bacillus that causes tuberculosis disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunosuppressive drugs may temporarily inhibit immunologic system, then may lead to active tuberculosis by reactivation or infection of M. tuberculosis. We aimed to show that there is a relationship between covid-19 infection and an increase in the number of tuberculosis patients. Eight patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in the Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinics of Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty between March 2020 and May 2021 were enrolled in this study. The presence of COVID-19 infection was confirmed by COVID-19 antibody test and patient’s detailed medical history. The patient with negative antibody test was also included in the study if other family members confirmed for COVID-19 infection by RT-PCR. We evaluated demographic data, laboratory findings, imaging tests and pathology results of all patients. The remarkable increase in the number of tuberculosis activation in the recent year suggests the role of COVID-19 infection. The pathologic structure of the virus may be responsible of the increase, although the mechanism is not fully understood. Further research should be done on this topic.