ons were also supported by an analysis of genetic differentiation between T. naumanni and T. ruficollis and within each bird. In other words, based on mtDNA or microsatellite loci, intraspecies gene flow is markedly greater than interspecific gene flow. In general, interspecific variation should be 10 times greater than intraspecies variation when using DNA barcoding to identify species (Kerr et al., 2007; Ravankar et al., 2015). The ratio between T. naumanni and T. ruficollis (3–5, Tabe 4) was lower 10 (10× rule). This might be related to the application of the 10 × rule, as species identification in Aves cannot be addressed by unique criteria (Tavares and Baker, 2008).