Two-dimensional echocardiography
Measurements of the RA dimensions were performed in agreement with ASE chamber quantification guidelines of 2015 and the 2010 ASE guidelines on right heart assessment. The RA parameters (area and volume) were measured at the end of systole on an apical four-chamber view modified to optimise the RA visualisation. The RAV was measured using the single-plane method of discs by tracing an outline of the RA blood-tissue interface, ensuring that the RA appendage, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava (IVC) were excluded. The tricuspid tenting area was also excluded.(12,14,15)