Two-dimensional echocardiography
Measurements of the RA dimensions were performed in agreement with ASE
chamber quantification guidelines of 2015 and the 2010 ASE guidelines on
right heart assessment. The RA parameters (area and volume) were
measured at the end of systole on an apical four-chamber view modified
to optimise the RA visualisation. The RAV was measured using the
single-plane method of discs by tracing an outline of the RA
blood-tissue interface, ensuring that the RA appendage, superior vena
cava, and inferior vena cava (IVC) were excluded. The tricuspid tenting
area was also excluded.(12,14,15)