References
Agrawal, A.A. (2007). Macroevolution of plant defense strategies.Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 22, 103-109.
Agrawal, A.A., Hastings, A.P., Johnson, M.T.J., Maron, J.L. & Salminen,
J.P. (2012). Insect herbivores drive real-time ecological and
evolutionary change in plant populations. Science , 338, 113-116.
Anstett, D.N., Nunes, K.A., Baskett, C. & Kotanen, P.M. (2016). Sources
of controversy surrounding latitudinal patterns in herbivory and
defense. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 31, 789-802.
Baskett, C.A. & Schemske, D.W. (2018). Latitudinal patterns of
herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions
hypothesis. Ecology Letters , 21, 578-587.
Becerra, J.X. (2007). The impact of herbivore-plant coevolution on plant
community structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America , 104, 7483-7488.
Borcard, D., Gillet, F. & Legendre, P. (2011). Numerical Ecology with
R. Springer Science, New York.
Buse, J., Griebeler, E.M. & Niehuis, M. (2013). Rising temperatures
explain past immigration of the thermophilic oak-inhabiting beetleCoraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in south-west
Germany. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 1115-1131.
Cavanaugh, K.C., Kellner, J.R., Forde, A.J., Gruner, D.S., Parker,
J.D., Rodriguez, W. & Feller, I.C. (2014). Poleward expansion of
mangroves is a threshold response to decreased frequency of extreme cold
events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The
United States of America , 111, 723-17.
Chen, F., Liu, X. & Zhou, S. (2019). Indirect effect of nitrogen
enrichment modified invertebrate herbivory through altering plant
community composition in an alpine meadow. Journal of Plant
Ecology , 12, 693-702.
Coley, P.D. & Aide, T.M. (1991). Comparison of herbivory and plant
defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. In: Price,
P.W., Lewinsohn, T.M., Wilson, F.G. & Benson, W.W. eds.Plant–Animal Interaction: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and
Temperate Regions . New York (USA): Wiley, 25-49.
Coley, P.D. & Barone, J.A. (1996). Herbivory and plant defenses in
tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 27,
305-335.
Coley, P.D., Bryant, J.P. & Chapin, F.S. (1985). Resource availability
and plant antiherbivore defense. Science , 230, 895-899.
Du, C., Chen, J., Jiang, L. & Qiao, G. (2020). High correlation of
species diversity patterns between specialist herbivorous insects and
their specific hosts. Journal of Biogeography, 47, 1232-1245.
Dobzhansky, T. (1950). Evolution in the tropics. American
Scientist , 38, 209-221.
Faizal, A. & Geelen, D. (2013). Saponins and their role in biological
processes in plants. Phytochemistry Reviews , 12, 877-893.
Feeny, P.P. (1968). Effect of oak leaf tannins on larval growth of
winter moth Operophtera Brumata . Journal of Insect
Physiology , 14, 805-807.
Hahn PG, Maron JL. 2016. A Framework for Predicting Intraspecific
Variation in Plant Defense. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31(8):
646-656.
Hijmans, R.J., Cameron, S.E., Parra, J.L., Jones, P.G. & Jarvis, A.
(2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global
land areas. International Journal of Climatology , 25, 1965-1978.
Jiang, L., Bonkowski, M., Luo, L., Kardol, P., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Li,
D., Xiao, Z., Hu, F. & Liu, M. (2020). Combined addition of chemical
and organic amendments enhances plant resistance to aboveground
herbivores through increasing microbial abundance and diversity.Biology and Fertility Soils , 56, 1007-1022.
Johnson, M.T.J. & Rasmann, S. (2011). The latitudinal herbivory-defence
hypothesis takes a detour on the map. New Phytologist , 191,
589-592.
Kim, T.N. & Underwood, N. (2015). Plant neighborhood effects on
herbivory: damage is both density and frequency dependent.Ecology , 96, 1431-1437.
Lefcheck, J.S. (2016). PIECEWISESEM: Piecewise structuralequation
modelling in R for ecology, evolution, and systematics. Methods in
Ecology and Evolution , 7, 573–579.
Lepš, J., de Bello, F., Smilauer, P. & Dolezal, J. (2011). Community
trait response to environment: disentangling species turnover vs
intraspecific trait variability effects. Ecography , 34, 856-863.
Li, J., Liu, H., Wu, Y., Zeng, L. & Huang, X. (2019). Spatial patterns
and determinants of the diversity of Hemipteran insects in the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 7,
165.
Louthan, A.M., Doak, D.F. & Angert, A.L. (2015). Where and When do
Species Interactions Set Range Limits? Trends in Ecology and
Evolution , 30, 780-792.
Loughnan, D. & Williams, J.L. (2019). Climate and leaf traits, not
latitude, explain variation in plant-herbivore interactions across a
species’ range. Journal of Ecology , 107, 913-922.
Ma, Z., Liu, H., Mi, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, W., Jiang, L., & He
J-S. (2017). Climate warming reduces the temporal stability of plant
community biomass production. Nature Communications , 8.
Maron, J.L., Baer, K.C. & Angert, A.L. (2014). Disentangling the
drivers of context-dependent plant-animal interactions. Journal of
Ecology , 102, 1485-1496.
Mittelbach, G.G., Schemske, D.W., Cornell, H.V., Allen, A.P., Brown,
J.M., Bush, M.B., Harrison, S.P., Hurlbert, A.H., Knowlton, N., Lessios,
H.A., et al . (2007). Evolution and the latitudinal diversity
gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecology
Letters , 10, 315-331.
Moles, A.T., Bonser, S.P., Poore, A.G.B., Wallis, I.R. & Foley, W.J.
(2011). Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant
defence and herbivory. Functional Ecology , 25, 380-388.
Moles, A.T. & Ollerton, J. (2016). Is the notion that species
interactions are stronger and more specialized in the tropics a zombie
idea? Biotropica , 48, 141-145.
Moreira, X., Abdala-Roberts, L., Parra-Tabla, V. & Mooney, K.A. (2015).
Latitudinal variation in herbivory: influences of climatic drivers,
herbivore identity, and natural enemies. Oikos , 144, 1444–1452.
Moreira, X., Abdala-Roberts, L., De Frenne, P., Galman, A., Gaytan,
A., Jaatinen, R., Lago-Nunez, B., Meeussen, C., et al . (2021).
Effects of latitude and conspecific plant density on insect leaf
herbivory in oak saplings and seedlings. American Journal of
Botany , 108, 172-176.
Moreira, X., Castagneyrol, B., Abdala-Roberts, L., Teran, J.,
Timmermans, B.G.H., Bruun, H.H., Covelo, F., Glauser, G., Rasmann, S. &
Tack, A.J.M. (2018). Latitudinal variation in plant chemical defences
drives latitudinal patterns of leaf herbivory. Ecography , 41,
1124-1134.
Ness, J.H., Rollinson, E.J. & Whitney, K.D. (2011). Phylogenetic
distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies.Oikos , 120, 1327-1334.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Friendly, M., Kindt, R., Legendre,
P.,McGlinn, D., et al. (2020). vegan: community ecology package.
Rpackage version 2.5-7. Available at:
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/.
Pennings, S.C., Ho, C.K., Salgado, C.S., Wieski, K., Dave, N., Kunza,
A.E. & Wason, E.L. (2009). Latitudinal variation in herbivore pressure
in Atlantic Coast salt marshes. Ecology , 90, 183-195.
Pennings, S.C. & Silliman, B.R. 2005. Linking biogeography and
community ecology: Latitudinal variation in plant-herbivore interaction
strength. Ecology 86(9): 2310-2319.
Price, P.W. (1991). The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack.Oikos , 62, 244–251.
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for
statisticalcomputing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna,
Austria.Available at: https://www.R-project.org/.
Sakata, Y., Craig, T.P., Itami, J.K., Yamasaki, M. & Ohgushi, T.
(2017). Parallel environmental factors drive variation in insect density
and plant resistance in the native and invaded ranges. Ecology ,
98, 2873-2884.
Schemske, D.W., Mittelbach, G.G., Cornell, H.V., Sobel, J.M. & Roy, K.
(2009). Is there a latitudinal gradient in the importance of biotic
interactions? Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics ,
40, 245-269.
Scherber, C., Eisenhauer, N., Weisser, W.W., Schmid, B., Voigt, W.,
Fischer, M., Schulze, E.D., Roscher, C., Weigelt, A., Allan, E.,et al . (2010). Bottom-up effects of plant diversity on
multitrophic interactions in a biodiversity experiment. Nature ,
468, 553-556.
Treutter, D. (2005). Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and
enhancement of their biosynthesis. Plant Biology , 7, 581-591.
Underwood, N., Inouye, B.D. & Hamback, P.A. (2014). A conceptual
framework for associational effects: when do neighbors matter and how
would we know? Quarterly Review of Biology , 89, 1-19.
Weiblen, G.D., Webb, C.O., Novotny, V., Basset, Y. & Miller, S.E.
(2006). Phylogenetic dispersion of host use in a tropical insect
herbivore community. Ecology , 87, 62-75.
Willig, M.R., Kaufman, D.M. & Stevens, R.D. (2003). Latitudinal
gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis.Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics , 34, 273-309.
Xi, X., Griffin, J.N. & Sun, S. (2013). Grasshoppers amensalistically
suppress caterpillar performance and enhance plant biomass in an alpine
meadow. Oikos , 122, 1049-1057.
Xiao, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Song, Z. & Zhou S. (2021). The allometry
of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition.Ecology Letters , 24, 553-562.
Yang, H., Wu, M., Liu, W., Zhang, Z., Zhang, N. & Wan, S. (2011).
Community structure and composition in response to climate change in a
temperate steppe. Global Change Biology , 17, 452-465.
Yao, T. (2019). Tackling on environmental changes in Tibetan Plateau
with focus on water, ecosystem and adaptation. Science Bulletin ,
64, 417-417.
Zhang, S., Zhang, Y. & Ma, K. (2016). Latitudinal variation in
herbivory: hemispheric asymmetries and the role of climatic drivers.Journal of Ecology , 104, 1089-1095.
Zhang, J., Wang, J., Chen, W., Li, B. & Zhao, K. (1988).Vegetation of Xizang (Tibet) . Beijing, China: Science Press.
Zvereva, E.L. & Kozlov, M.V. (2019). Biases in studies of spatial
patterns in insect herbivory. Ecological Monographs , 89, 269-276.
Zvereva, E.L. & Kozlov, M.V. (2021). Latitudinal gradient in the
intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of
variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by
meta-analysis. Ecology Letters , 24, 2506-2520.
Zvereva, E.L., Zverev, V., Usoltsev, V.A., Kozlov, M.V. (2020).
Latitudinal pattern in community-wide herbivory does not match the
pattern in herbivory averaged across common plant species. Journal
of Ecology , 108, 2511-2520.
Table 1. Linear mixed-effect model results for community-wide
(CWM) herbivory as a function of multiple climatic, edaphic, geographic
and plant community factors. The relative support for all variables is
provided, as well as for the intercept-only (null) model. For each
model, the maximum log-likelihood (LL), estimated number of model
parameters (k ), Akaike’s information criterion corrected for
small samples (AICc ), change in
AICc relative to the top-ranked model
(Δ AICc ), AICcweight (w AICc = model probability) and
marginal R2 are provided as measures of the model’s
goodness-of-fit.