Perinatal outcomes, obstetric complications, and congenital defects
For younger women, details of perinatal outcomes resulting from FLBs, such as gestational age, birth weight, neonatal asphyxia and infection, NICU admission, and early neonatal death, are presented in Table S3a. These results were not significantly different between the two BMI groups. Besides, the rate of cesarean section was significantly higher in the high BMI group than in the normal BMI group (90.6% vs 83.2%, p < 0.001; Table S3a). In addition, obstetric complications, except for the rates of HDP and placenta previa, were largely similar between the two BMI categories. The incidences of HDP (4.4% vs 1.5%, p < 0.001) and placenta previa (0.6% vs 2.2%, P < 0.001) in the high BMI group were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than in the normal BMI group (Table S3a).
The rates of cesarean section (92.9% vs 87.1%, p < 0.001) and HDP (6.7% vs 3.1%, p < 0.001) resulting from CLBs in younger women with high BMI had similar trends to those of FLBs (Table S4a). Moreover, the incidence of fetal macrosomia (4.7% vs 2.8%, p = 0.002; Table S4a) and birth defects involving cleft lip and palate (0.4% vs 0.1%, p = 0.030; Table S5b) resulting from CLBs in younger women with high BMI was significantly higher than in those with normal BMI; these results were not significantly different compared to those of FLBs (Table S3a and S5a).
In contrast, no significant differences were found in perinatal outcomes, obstetric complications, and congenital defects resulting from FLBs and CLBs in older women subgroups (Table S3b, S4b, S5a, and S5b).