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\begin{document}

\title{}



\author[1]{Thomas J Ott}%
\author[1]{Sayantan Majumdar}%
\author[2]{Justin Huntington}%
\author[2]{Christopher Pearson}%
\author[1]{Matt Bromley}%
\author[1]{Blake A Minor}%
\author[2]{Charles Morton}%
\author[1]{Sachiko Sueki}%
\author[3]{Jordan P Beamer}%
\author[1]{Richard Jasoni}%
\affil[1]{Desert Research Institute}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{Oregon Water Resources Department}%


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  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Groundwater overdraft in western U.S. states has prompted water managers
to start the development of groundwater management plans that include
mandatory reporting of groundwater pumping (GP) to track water use. Most
irrigation systems in the western U.S. are not equipped with irrigation
water flow meters to record GP. Of those that do, performing quality
assurance and quality control (QAQC) of the metered GP data is difficult
due to the lack of reliable secondary GP estimates. We hypothesize that
satellite (Landsat)-based actual evapotranspiration (ET) estimates from
OpenET can be used to predict GP and aid in QAQC of the metered GP data.
For this purpose, the objectives of this study are: 1) to pair OpenET
estimates of consumptive use (Net ET, i.e., actual ET less effective
precipitation) and metered annual GP data from Diamond Valley (DV),
Nevada, and Harney Basin (HB), Oregon; 2) to evaluate linear regression
and ensemble machine learning (ML) models (e.g., Random Forests) to
establish the GP vs Net ET relationship; and 3) to compare GP estimates
at the field- and basin-scales. Results from using a bootstrapping
technique showed that the mean absolute errors (MAEs) for field-scale GP
depth are 12\% and 11\% for DV and HB, respectively, and the
corresponding root mean square errors (RMSEs) are 15\% and 14\%.
Moreover, the regression models explained 50\%-60\% variance in GP depth
and \textasciitilde{}90\% variance in GP volumes. The estimated average
irrigation efficiency of 88\% (92\% and 83\% for DV and HB,
respectively) aligns with known center pivot system efficiencies.
Additionally, OpenET proves to be useful for identifying discrepancies
in the metered GP data, which are subsequently removed prior to model
fitting. Results from this study illustrate the usefulness of
satellite-based ET estimates for estimating GP, QAQC metered GP data and
have the potential to help estimate historical GP.\textbf{}%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Submitted to Agricultural Water Management.}

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