Variable
Land birth (n=1265) n (%) Water birth (n=243) n (%) Warm water immersion (n=157) n (%)
Total
Maternal Age# 31 (27,35) 31 (28, 35) 31 (27, 34) 31 (27,35)
Maternal BMI# 24 (21.7, 28) 23 (21, 26) 23.5 (21.9, 26) 24 (21.3, 27)
Previous pregnancies None One Two >=Three 389 (30.75%) 390 (30.83%) 233 (18.42%) 253 (20%) 56 (23.05%) 83 (34.16%) 56 (23.05%) 48 (19.75%) 52 (33.12%) 55 (35.03%) 22 (14.01%) 28 (17.83%)
Gestation# 39.71 (38.86, 40.57) 39.86 (39.29, 40.71) 40 (39.14, 40.71) 39.86 (39,40.57)
Smoking (<20 weeks) 117 (9.25%) 6 (2.47%) 9 (5.73%) 132 (7.93%)
Smoking (>20 weeks) 89 (7.04%) 5 (2.06%) 5 (3.18%) 99 (5.95%)
Previous mode of birth$ Spontaneous vaginal birth Caesarean section Assisted vaginal birth (forceps) Assisted vaginal birth (vacuum) 536 (77.01%) 54 (7.76%) 35 (5.03%) 71 (10.2%) 148 (88.62%) 1 (0.6%) 3 (1.8%) 15 (8.98%) 55 (70.51%) 7 (8.97%) 6 (7.69%) 10 (12.82%) 739 (78.53%) 62 (6.59%) 44 (4.68%) 96 (10.2%)
Length of labour (minutes)# First stage Second stage 240 (135.5, 413.5) 24 (10, 60) 188 (110, 284.5) 14 (6, 29) 300 (195, 480) 35 (13, 69) 235 (135,390) 22 (10,55)
Labour onset Induced Spontaneous 461 (36.44%) 804 (63.56%) 29 (11.93%) 214 (88.07%) 48 (30.57%) 109 (69.43%) 538 (32.31%) 1127 (67.69%)
CTG in labour 952 (75.26%) 48 (19.75%) 109 (69.43%) 1109 (66.61%)
FSE in labour 658 (52.02%) 30 (12.35%) 73 (46.5%) 761 (45.71%)
Pharmacological analgesia None Nitrous only Narcotic (+/- nitrous) Epidural (+/- nitrous/narcotic) Remi-fentanyl 300 (23.72%) 442 (34.94%) 34 (2.69%) 488 (38.58%) 1 (0.08%) 144 (59.26%) 98 (40.33%) 1 (0.41%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 47 (29.94%) 75 (47.77%) 2 (1.27%) 33 (21.02%) 0 (0%) 491 (29.49%) 615 (36.94%) 37 (2.22%) 521 (31.29%) 1 (0.06%)
Mode of birth Spontaneous vaginal birth Assisted vaginal birth (forceps or vacuum) 989 (78.18%) 272 (21.5%) 243 (100%) 0 (0%) 121 (77.07%) 36 (22.93%) 1353 (81.26%) 308 (18.5%)