Objective: It is not known whether appendectomy for acute appendicitis (AA) increases the Cesarean section (CS) rate and whether CS increases the likelihood of AA and appendectomy in the early puerperium. In this study, delivery type and delivery outcomes and appendectomy during pregnancy and puerperium were analyzed. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was performed on 11513 women, delivered during 2015-2020. Inclusion criteria were patients submitted to appendectomy for AA during pregnancy and the first six weeks after delivery. Evaluating parameters were age, parity, gestational week at birth, delivery type, and babies’ birth weight. Results: Thirty-two patients underwent appendectomy: 12 during pregnancy (2 in the first trimester, 6 in the second trimester, 4 in the third trimester) and 20 women during puerperium. 58.2% of pregnant women and 65% of puerperal women were submitted to CS. Conclusions: Half of the women who underwent appendectomy for AA during pregnancy may require urgent CS. The cause of acute abdomen in the postpartum period, especially in the first week, could be AA, especially in women delivered by CS.

Commentary on: LAPAROSCOPIC MYOMECTOMY USING LOOP LIGATION FOR GIANT INTRACERVICAL MYOMAS: A NOVEL SURGICAL TECHNIQUE.Authors: Shengke Wang, Dongdong Wang, Qihong Huang, Fujie Zhao.Journal: BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & GynaecologyINTRACERVICAL FIBROID REMOVAL: A MYOMECTOMY REASONED ON BIOLOGICAL BASES .Dr. Andrea Tinelli, MD, Prof, PhDVeris delli Ponti Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Scorrano, Lecce, Italy; Laboratory of Human Physiology,Phystech BioMed School, Faculty of Biological & Medical Physics,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.Tel: +39-3392074078; E-mail:[email protected]; ORCID: 0000-0001-8426-8490Anatomically, uterine corpus, isthmus and cervix compose one organ, but functionally they attend different function during pregnancy and labor. The uterine cervix is mainly composed connective tissue and extracellular matrix, that allow the pregnancy to come to an end, up to the onset of labor, when cervical ripening and dilatation occur to deliver the fetus. The cervical innervations and the different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides expression involved in cervical ripening suggest that the cervix plays a key role in pregnancy maintenance, labor initiation, pain and delivery; this can also be supported by previous studies that showed that cervical ripening is also a neuroimmune-mediate inflammatory reaction involveing the hypogastric nerve [Di Tommaso S “et al”, 2017;18(2):140-148].Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that are produced by neural, endocrine and/or immune cells: all of these hormones are involved in a variety of biological processes, not only enhancing uterine contractility and modulating pain trigger, but also possessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress and tumorigenic properties. Particularly, they contribute with changes in muscle contractility, uterine peristalsis and muscular healing and may be involved also in the uterine fibroids’ pathophysiology [Tinelli A “et al”; 2020;21(5):440-442].Uterine fibroids are generally distributed over the body and fundus of the uterus, they are surrounded by a fibroneurovascular network rich of neurotransmitters, the myoma pseudocapsule, a neurovascular bundle separating fibroid from the myometrium, and allowing less bleeding during myomectomy and better subsequent myometrial healing after removal [Tinelli A “et al”; Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2017;18(2):129-139]. For this reason, the correct myomectomy which enucleates fibroid inside its pseudocapsule has been called ”intracapsular” and has remarkable early and late biological - muscular advantages, during and after surgery [Tinelli A “et al”.; JSLS 2012;16(1):119-29].Cervical fibroids are infrequent, but often create significant problems during myomectomy, as, during the removal there can be intraoperative and late complications, such as massive bleeding and scarring fibrosis with all the repercussions on pregnancy and childbirth [Malvasi A “et al”; 2013;29(11):982-8.].Wang “et al” [Wang “et al”; BJOG 2021] proposed their intracervical myomectomy for large intracervical myomectomy on 12 patients, basing on biology of the myoma pseudocapsule. They performed a laparoscopic myomectomy putting a loop ligation along the junction of the pseudocapsule and cervix, pulling the loop it at this position; then, they performed a traction and enucleation within the fibroid wound cavity directly closes the fibroid cavity, with the surrounding vascular network bounded in the knot after ligation of the pseudocapsule without dead space, and preventing injury to nearby tissues.During fibroid enucleation, loop ligation of the pseudocapsule glides along the tumor body and operates within the fibroid wound cavity, with no cervical tissue involved during enucleation. The neurovascular bundles of the fibroid pseudocapsule are protected and spared during myomectomy and the side of the pseudocapsule attached to the fibroid was bound tightly in the loop to achieve hemostasis. This technique results less invasive and would promote fertility in case of cervical myomectomy, not requiring additional pelvic dissection and allowing to operate directly in the cervix sparing adjacent tissues and pseudocapsule.