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\begin{document}

\title{What are the essential components of Antenatal Care? A systematic review
of the literature and development of signal functions to guide
monitoring and evaluation.}



\author[1]{Hannah McCauley}%
\author[1]{Kirsty Lowe}%
\author[2]{Nicholas Furtado}%
\author[3]{Viviana Mangiaterra}%
\author[1]{Nynke van den Broek}%
\affil[1]{Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health}%
\affil[2]{The Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria}%
\affil[3]{Bocconi University}%


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  \date{May 07, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Background Antenatal Care (ANC) is one of the key care-packages required
to reduce global maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity
Objectives To identify the essential components of ANC and develop
signal functions Search strategy MESH headings for databases including
Cinahl, Cochrane, Global Health, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science
Selection Criteria Papers and reports on content of ANC published from
2000-2020 Data collection and Analysis Narrative synthesis of data and
development of signal function through 7 consensus-building workshops
with 184 stakeholders Main Results A total of 221 papers and reports are
included from which 28 essential components of ANC were extracted and
used to develop 15 signal functions with the equipment, medication and
consumables required for implementation of each. Signal functions for
the prevention and management of infectious diseases (malaria, HIV,
tuberculosis, syphilis and tetanus) can be applied depending on
population disease burden. Screening and management of pre-eclampsia,
gestational diabetes, anaemia, mental and social health (including
intimate partner violence) are recommended universally. Three signal
functions adress monitoring of foetal growth and wellbeing and
identification and management of obstetric complications. Promotion of
health and wellbeing via education and support for nutrition, cessation
of substance abuse, uptake of family planning, recognition of danger
signs and birth preparedness are included as essential components of
ANC. Conclusions New signal functions have been developed which can be
used for monitoring and evaluation of content and quality of ANC.
Country adaptation and validation is recommended.%
\end{abstract}%



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