Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common type of sporadic encephalitis that inflicts high rates of morbidity and mortality. Differentiating a progressing encephalitis syndrome from a lobar hemorrhage as a complication presents a challenge and requires great vigilance and insight on part of the treating physician.

Background and aim Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the commonest hearing disorder prevalent. Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete whose infection has been shown to result in SNHL. This systematic review aims to investigate the prevalence and association of B. burgdorferi infection in SNHL. Methods A systematic literature search on the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and UpToDate® was performed. Study selection process was done in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. In brief, studies were selected first by title and abstract screening followed by a full-text inspection. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. Data on study characteristics, patient demographics, audiological, microbiological, symptomatological, and therapeutical findings were extracted. Results The study search retrieved a total of 8,772 studies and 9 of them met out eligibility requirement. There were altogether 964 SNHL patients. 71 (7.3%) were tested positive for B. burgdorferi infection. The commonest symptoms in infected SNHL patients were tinnitus (53%) and vertigo (47%). Patients treated with steroids along with ceftriaxone showed a higher hearing recovery rate. Conclusion Borrelia burgdorferi infection is responsible for a substantial proportion of sensorineural hearing loss and should be investigated whenever no other reasons of hearing loss are established.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies associated vasculitis(AAV) is characterized by antibodies against antigens in cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and predominantly affects small vessels. AAV after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination has been reported. We report rare case of AAV in a patient who presented with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis(RPGN) after Johnson & Johnson vaccine administration.

COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to some adverse effects, including fever, myalgia, and headache. Bell’s Palsy, a rare adverse effect was reported to be associated with the use of mRNA-1273 vaccine. Here, we present case of 17-year-old female who acquired Bell’s Palsy following administration of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccination.

COVID-19 has been linked to a number of cutaneous symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Although herpes zoster (HZ) was the first sign of COVID-19 infection in several patients, cases of HZ after COVID-19 vaccination are rare. We report case of 51 years old male with Herpes Zoster after Sinopharm (Vero Cell).

Perimedullary spinal AVM is a rare type of spinal arteriovenous malformations. We present a case of 70 yrs female who presented with motor weakness in her bilateral limbs. Initial MRI was misinterpreted as ependymal myxoma; however, histopathology revealed spinal AVM. MRA or DSA should be conducted if AVM is suspected.