Data collection
In the study area, 147 skull specimens of deer hunted by local hunters
or in animal control culls were collected (Table S1). Between late
December and early May, female and male deer were killed from 2012 to
2020 and in 2020, respectively. Data for location of the deer (latitude
and longitude) were collected for each individual. For female deer
(n = 128), 38 and 90 specimens were collected by shooting and
trapping, respectively. For male deer (n = 19), all specimens
were by trapping. Deer culling by shooting was conducted only at high
elevations (1,000–1,800 m) in mountainous areas.