Data collection
In the study area, 147 skull specimens of deer hunted by local hunters or in animal control culls were collected (Table S1). Between late December and early May, female and male deer were killed from 2012 to 2020 and in 2020, respectively. Data for location of the deer (latitude and longitude) were collected for each individual. For female deer (n = 128), 38 and 90 specimens were collected by shooting and trapping, respectively. For male deer (n = 19), all specimens were by trapping. Deer culling by shooting was conducted only at high elevations (1,000–1,800 m) in mountainous areas.