Novel surgical management of an extensive recurrent Hickman line
thrombosis involving the SVC and right atrium
Authors:
Anna Zingale, MD1, Danai M. Karamanou,
MD1, Pietro G. Malvindi, MD, PhD1,
Suvitesh Luthra, MS1, Sunil K. Ohri,
MD1
1Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, University Hospital
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Abstract
Intravenous central line catheters are often at risk of line-related
thrombosis. We report on how the cardiopulmonary bypass strategy was
tailored to the particular anatomical challenges with the use of an
unconventional venous cannulation site to optimise intraoperative venous
drainage, improve surgical exposure and avoid circulatory arrest in a
case with a complex intracardiac thrombosis. This report also highlights
the importance of assiduously monitoring the efficacy of anticoagulation
therapy, especially in the context of small bowel syndrome.
INTRODUCTION
In vivo incidence of catheter-related right atrial thrombosis ranges
between 5.4-12.5%. However in post-mortem examinations of patients with
intravenous central line catheters this liability has been reported to
be twice as high. Given that these patients are often asymptomatic this
complication is commonly underdiagnosed. Depending on the size of the
thrombus, rescue therapy may include surgical
thrombectomy1.
We present an intriguing case requiring a unique surgical approach and
challenging postoperative anticoagulative management.
CASE REPORT
A 46-year-old lady underwent previous extensive small bowel excision for
volvulitic ischaemia thereafter required long-term total parenteral
nutrition therapy via a Hickman line. Her care was complicated by SVC
thrombosis. Initial medical intervention included SVC stenting and
anticoagulation with warfarin which was administered orally. Of note is
the variable warfarin absorption in patients with short bowel
syndrome2 3 4 5. In this case INR regulation was poor,
leading to subcutaneous administration of therapeutic doses of
enoxaparin sodium injections instead.
20 months after initial treatment, the patient re-presented with a
further thrombus evident on transthoracic echocardiogram (figure 1C).
The finding was confirmed with a venogram and cardiac MRI (figures
1A-1B). The thrombus extended from the distal aspect of the SVC stent
into the right atrium, involving the entire chamber whilst abutting the
tricuspid valve. An incidental finding of a patent foramen ovale was
established, which increases the risk of embolic stroke.
The management of this case required a novel surgical approach.
Following median sternotomy and systemic heparinization, the patient was
placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass with insertion of an arterial
cannula in the ascending aorta and primary venous cannulation of the
IVC. A second venous cannula, placed in the brachiocephalic vein,
offered an alternative to a classic SVC cannulation6.
This approach has been implemented in congenital and minimally invasive
cardiac surgery. We opted for this approach to optimise upper-body
drainage while maintaining myocardial and organ preservation, thereby
avoiding the need for circulatory arrest. The patient was cooled down to
24°C. After opening of the right atrium a vascular clamp was placed
between the junction of the brachiocephalic vein and the SVC to reduce
venous backflow. Residual venous drainage from the Azygous was dealt
with by pump suction.
The complex thrombus extending from the SVC stent encompassing the
Hickman line and extending into the right atrium, was excised. The PFO
was identified and closed with a continuous suture. Thereafter the SVC
stent was decorticated from the SVC wall. The Hickman line was trimmed,
so that only 2-3 cm remained within the atrium and a pericardial patch
was used to reconstruct the SVC before closure of the right atrium. The
patient was readily weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and closed
routinely. Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated. Anticoagulation was
resumed with an enoxaparin dose of 1.5mg/kg once daily. We referred the
patient to the haematology service for further investigations.
Unfortunately one year following surgery the patient presented with a
4-month history of dyspnoea and fatigue. A chest CT and confirmatory
transoesophageal echocardiogram revealed a large right atrial thrombus
once more abutting the tricuspid valve (Figures 2-3).
Haematological investigations were undertaken demonstrating antithrombin
III activity within normal limits and no presence of heparin antibodies.
She was commenced on intravenous unfractionated heparin infusion
(maintaining APTR levels between 1.8 and 3) and proceeded to urgent redo
surgery.
A redo-sternotomy was performed. Sharp dissection was required around
the atrium, which was firmly adherent to the pericardium.
Cardiopulmonary bypass was established via distal ascending aortic and
bicaval cannulation, with direct SVC cannulation, superior to the
previous patch repair. A right atriotomy was performed after snaring of
the cavae. The chronic nature of the thrombus was reflective in the
signs of encapsulation. Nonetheless a successful excision was achieved.
Where the Hickman line tip abutted the lateral wall of the atrium it
appeared abraded, with an adherent thrombus on its surface. Once more
the Hickman line was therefore shortened. The operation was concluded in
a routine fashion. Anticoagulation was resumed with an increased
subcutaneous enoxaparin dose of 100 mg twice daily (over 1mg/kg twice
daily) comparative to the preoperative dose of 120 mg once daily.
The anti-factor Xa levels were monitored weekly for 1 month
post-operatively to ensure adequate anticoagulation. Dose adjustments
were implemented after checking anti-Xa levels. In addition the
specialist intestinal failure team reviewed the case as part of an
umbrella plan to trial oral nutrition with a long-term goal of removing
the Hickman line. Unfortunately the patient was unable to tolerate oral
nutrition and remains on total parenteral feeding. Follow-up at 12
months has found no evidence of recurrent atrial thrombus.
DISCUSSION
This case highlights the paramount necessity to closely monitor the
efficacy of anticoagulation therapy, as current guidelines of standard
doses of factor X-inhibitors may not prevent catheter-related
thrombosis7 8.
We also suggest tailoring the cardiopulmonary bypass strategy to the
particular anatomical challenges, with the use of an alternative venous
cannulation to optimise venous drainage and improve surgical exposure
during removal of an intracardiac thrombus.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.
ETHICS STATEMENT
Institutional IRB approval was waived for our case study and we have
verbal consent of the patient for publication. No patient identifiers
have been included in the manuscript.
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FIGURE LEGENDS
Figure 1 (A) Venogram with filling defect (* ) at the distal
aspect of the SVC stent. (B) Cardiac MRI demonstrates SVC occluded with
thrombus (* ) that dangles into the atrium. (C) Transthoracic
echocardiogram shows the right atrial mass (* ) falling into the
tricuspid valve orifice.
Figure 2 Chest computed tomography (A) sagittal, (B) coronal and (C)
axial plane. The arrow indicates the catheter surrounded by the
thrombus.
Figure 3 Transoesophageal echocardiogram (A) four chambers, (B) bicaval
and (C) aortic valve short-axis view of the atrial thrombus (* ).